Introduction to Medical Parasitology Flashcards
1
Q
it is the area of biology concerned
with the phenomenon of dependence of one living organism on another.
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Parasitology
2
Q
it is concerned primarily with parasites of humans and their medical significance, as well as their importance in human communities.
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Medical Parasitology
3
Q
it is a branch of medicine that deals
with tropical diseases and other special medical problems of tropical regions
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Tropical medicine
4
Q
it is an illness, which is indigenous to or endemic in a tropical area but may also occur in sporadic or epidemic proportions in areas that are not tropical
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Tropical Diseases
5
Q
it is the living together of unlike organisms. It may also involve protection or other advantages to one or both organisms.
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symbiosis
6
Q
one species benefits without harming the other (e.g. Entamoeba coli in the intestines)
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Commensalism
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Q
Both species benefits with each other (e.g. termites and flagellates aiding digestion)
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Mutualism
8
Q
one organism (parasite) relies on another (host) at the host’s expense (e.g. Entamoeba histolytica causing amebic dysentery)
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Parasitism
9
Q
type of parasite that lives inside a host
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endoparasite
9
Q
type of parasite that lives outside a host
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ectoparasite
9
Q
it is the presence endoparasite
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infection
10
Q
it is the presence of ectoparasites
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infestation
10
Q
type of parasites that requiring a host for their life cycle to complete their development
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obligate parasites
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Q
A type of parasite that exist in free-living state or may become parasitic when the need arises
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facultative parasites
11
Q
establishes itself in a host where it does not primarily live
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Accidental/incidental parasites
12
Q
a type of parasites that remains on/in the body of the host for its entire life
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Permanent parasites
13
Q
a free-living organism that passes through the digestive tract without infecting the host
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Spurious parasites
14
Q
A type of hosts where parasites attains sexual maturity (e.g. humans in Taeniasis)
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definitive hosts
14
Q
a type of hosts that harbors the asexual or larval stage of the parasite (e.g. pigs for Taenia spp. )
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intermediate hosts
15
Q
a type of hosts that the parasite does not develop further to later stage (e.g. Paragonimus metacercaria)
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paratenic hosts
16
Q
they can be final hosts or incidental hosts for various parasites
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human
16
Q
a type of hosts that allow the parasite’s life cycle to continue and can become additional sources of human infection (e.g. pigs, field rats, cats)
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Reservoir hosts
17
Q
it transmits parasites between hosts
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vectors
18
Q
a type of vector that transmits the parasite only after the latter has completed its development within the host
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biologic vector
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a type of vector that only transports the parasite
mechanical vector
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it is harmful and cam cause mechanical injury to their hosts
pathogens
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it harbors a particular pathogens without manifesting any signs and symptoms
carriers
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the process of inoculating an infective agent
exposure
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it is the establishment of infective agent in the host
infection
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the period between infection and evidence of symptoms
incubation period (sometimes referred as clinical incubation period)
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the period between infection or acquisition of the parasite and evidence or demonstration of infection
pre-patent period (also known as biologic incubation period
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it is when the infected individual became his own direct source of infection or self infection
autoinfection
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it is when the already infected individual is further infected with the same species leading to massive infection with the parasite
superinfection or hyper infection
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what are the common sources of infection?
- contaminated soil and water
- lack of sanitary toilets
- use of human excreta or night soil as fertilizers
- contaminated food
(consumption of undercooked or raw freshwater fish)
- vectors such as arthropods, mosquitos and sandflies
- wild or domesticated animals
- another person
(his beddings and clothing, the immediate environment he has contaminated, or even one's self)
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what are the different modes of transmission?
- oral
- skin penetration
- congenital transmission
- inhalation
- sexual intercourse
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It is a type of transmission that can be acquired through ingesting raw or improperly cooked food and contaminated water
Oral transmission
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a type of transmission that is acquired through exposure of skin to soil (hookworms and Strongyloides) or enter of water via skin (Schistosoma) and arthropods as vectors of parasite through their bites (malaria, filariasis, leishmaniasis, and trypanosomiasis)
Skin penetration
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a type of transmission that can cross the placental barrier during pregnancy (Toxoplasma gondii trophozoites) or can be transmitted through the mother's milk (Ancylostoma and Strongyloides)
Congenital transmission
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Type of transmission that can be acquired from airborne eggs of Enterobius vermicularis
Inhalation
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transmission of Trichomonas Vaginalis
Sexual intercourse
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it is the basis of classification of nomenclature
International code of zoological nomenclature
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It is a type of name that is latinized, with italicized or underlined genera and species names
Scientific names
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This type of name are form by adding idae to the stem of the genus type
family names
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it is a type of name that consist of a single word written in initial capital letter
generic names
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a type of name that begins with a small letter
specific name
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what is the order of Linnaeus's system of classification of taxonomic hierarchy? (king Philip cry, oh for goodness sake)
kingdom - phylum - class - order - family - genus - species
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this maturity is often reached in definitive hosts
sexual maturity
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it is a study of patterns, distribution and occurrence of disease
epidemiology
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the number of new cases of infection appearing in a population
incidence
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it is the number of individuals in a population estimated to be infected with a particular parasite species at a given time
prevalence
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it is the percentage of individuals in a population infected with at least one parasite
cumulative prevalence
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this refers to the number of worms per infected person
intensity of infection (also refereed to as worm burden)
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it is the clinical consequences of infections or diseases that affect an individual's well being
morbidity
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a type of treatment that uses an anthelminthic drugs in individuals or public health programs
Deworming
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it refers to the number of previously positive subjects found to be egg-negative on examination after deworming
cure rate
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it is the percentage fall in egg counts after deworming based on examination after the treatment
egg reduction rate
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it involves individual level deworming with selection for treatment
selective treatment
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it is a group level deworming
targeted treatment
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it is genetically transmitted loss of susceptibility to a drug
drug resistance
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it is a population level of deworming
population treatment
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it is the effect of a drug against an infective agent
efficacy
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it refers to the proportion of the target population reached by an intervention
coverage
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it is an health education strategy that aims to encourage people to adapt and maintain healthy life practices
information education communication (IEC)
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it is an avoidance of illness caused by infections, achieved by periodically deworming
morbidity control
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it is a measure of the effect of a drug against an infective agent in a particular host
effectiveness
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it is the planning, organization, performance, and monitoring of activities to prevent or minimize vector or host propagation
environmental management
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it involves intervention to reduce environmental health risks such as safe disposal and hygienic management
environmental sanitation
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provision of access to adequate facilities for safe disposal combined with access to safe drinking water
sanitation
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defined as a permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection, once achieved continued measures are no longer needed
Disease Eradication
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defined as reduction to zero of the incidence of a specified disease in a defined geographic area, continued intervention or surveillance measures are still required
Disease Elimination
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it causes changes in the molecular biology, biochemistry, immunology, and structure of the parasites. Parasites that
are more specialized have high chances of survival
adaptation
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where are the noticeable adaptation usually found?
locomotory and digestive organs
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it is an interference with the vita processes of the host through the enzyme system and invasion and destruction of host tissue
effect of the parasite on the host
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it secretes cysteine proteinases which do not only digest cellular materials but also degrade epithelial basement membrane facilitating tissue invasion
trophozoites of E. histolytica
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it invades red blood cells which causes cells to rupture after multiplication
Plasmodium
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it causes infection and cumulative deposition of eggs in the liver results in granuloma formation and then fibrosis
Schistosoma japonicum
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it have cutting plates which can attach to the intestinal mucosa and destroy the villi
hookworms
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can cause intestinal obstruction and may invade appendix and bile ducts
Ascaris
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possession of this trait confers some protection (Falciparum malaria)
sickle-cell trait
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the presence of this factor increases the susceptibility to Plasmodium vivax infections
Duffy blood factor
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a type of diet that is not suitable for the development of intestinal protozoans
diet rich in protein
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a type of diet that favors amebiasis
low protein diet
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a type of diet that favors the development of some tapeworms
high carbohydrate diet
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a type of immunity that occurs rarely following protozoan infections
absolute immunity to reinfection
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type of immunity that is important in modifying the severity of disease in endemic areas
acquired immunity
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an infection that causes massive intestinal bleeding which results in chronic blood loss and iron deficiency anemia
heavy hookworm infection
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it competes with its host for the supply of Vitamin B12 producing megaloblastic anemia
Diphyllobothrium latum
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types of non-specific defenses
* Intact skin
* Acidic pH of the vaginal secretion and
gastric juice
* Mucus secretions
* Lipase content of breast milk
* Coughing
* Flushing action of urine
* Cells in the body
* Macrophages (phagocytosis)
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it provides effective surface
protection against microbial invasion
intact skin
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it regulate T-lymphocyte activities
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
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gamma interferons & interleukin 2; activates cytotoxic lymphocytes (CD8)
Th1 lymphocytes
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interleukins 4, 5, & 6 enhance proliferation & differentiation of B lymphocytes
Th2 lymphocytes
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bound to mucosal mast cells, eosinophils, & goblet cells
* involve in expulsion & cytocidal action on some parasites, antibody dependent cellmediated cytotoxicity mediated by eosinophil activating factor (EAF), interleukin 5’ (IL5), & granulocyte monocyte colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF)
* IgE
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can act on mast cells and basophils
homocytotrophic IgG1
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prevent penetration of erythrocytes by
Plasmodia spp. & Babesia spp.
Combined activity of IgG & IgM
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protect against metacestode and gastrointestinal infections
* Secretory IgA
84
mediate ADCC in Giardia lamblia infection
IgM
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help cleave the parasite from enterocytes
(Cryptosporidium spp.)
* IgA, IgG w/ CMI
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Reduce the immune function of macrophages
Immune Suppression
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it diminished production of
lymphokines & immunoglobulins
Trypanosoma gambiense (trypomastigotes)
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The parasites had changed the antigenic profile of its surface coat
Antigenic Variation
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Antibodies produced against the parasite then fail to recognize non-self from
self-antigens
Host mimicry
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Able to escape the host immune response
Intracellular Sequestration
90
Provided with nucleus/nuclei,
cytoplasm, outer limiting
membrane, organelles
Protozoa
90
what are the locomotory apparatus of protozoa?
cilia, flagella, pseudopodia
91
why protozoa require wet environment?
for feeding, locomotion,
osmoregulation, & reproduction
91
it is the infective stages of protozoa, relatively resistant
cyst
91
it is the vegetative stages of protozoa
trophozoite
91
where kingdom protozoa belong?
protista
91
it is the only ciliated protozoan
balantidium coli
91
Also known as roundworms. it has elongated, cylindrical , bilateral
symmetry, complete digestive tract and separate sexes & some are parthenogenetic. Found in the small and large intestines , some are found
outside the intestine
nematodes
91
they are segmented parasites with an anterior scolex, neck, and strobila.
cestodes (tapeworms)
91
they reside in the intestines of definitive hosts, and the larval stage is encysted in the tissues of the intermediate host.
adult tapeworms (hermaphroditic)
91
it is an
anterior structure which is
the main organ of attachment of the worm to the definitive host
scolex
91
it is considered the region of growth, because segmentation or strobilization originates from it.
neck
91
what are only two orders of tapeworms
with medical and public health significance?
Order Pseudophyllidea and Order
Cyclophyllidea.
91
it is the spatulate scolex with sucking grooves of a Pseudophyllidean tapeworms
bothria
91
it is globular with four muscular suckers.
Cyclophyllidean scolex
91
it has a uterine pore which allows release of eggs from the gravid uterus.
Pseudophyllidean segments
91
they do not have the uterine pore and they
undergo the process of apolysis whereby gravid segments are detached from the main body of the worm and eggs are eventually released.
Cyclophyllidean
segments
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presence of this factor increases the susceptibility to Plasmodium vivax infections
Duffy blood factor
93
a type of diet that is not suitable for the development of intestinal protozoans
diet rich in protein
93
a type of diet that favors amebiasis
low-protein diet
93
infection that causes massive intestinal bleeding which results in chronic blood loss and iron deficiency anemia
heavy hookworm infection
94
it is important in modifying the severity of disease in endemic areas
acquired immunity
94
it competes with its host for supply of vitamin b12 producing megaloblastic anemia
Diphyllobothrium latum
95
a type of diet that favors the development of some tapeworms
high carbohydrate diet
96
it occurs rarely following protozoan infections
absolute immunity to reinfection
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what are the different types of non specific defenses?
- intact skin
- acidic pH of the vaginal secretion and gastric juice
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it diminished the production of lymphokines and immunoglobulins
Trypanosoma gambiense
116
the parasites had changed the antigenic profile of its surface coat
antigenic variation
117
antibodies produced against the parasite then fail to recognize non-self from self-antigens
host mimicry
118
able to escape the host immune response
intracellular sequestration
119
it is provided with nucleus/nuclei, cytoplasm, outer limiting membrane, organelles
Protozoa
120
what are the locomotory apparatus of protozoa?
cilia, flagella, pseudopodia
121
why protozoans require wet environment?
for feeding, locomotion, osmoregulation, and reproduction
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they reside in the intestines of definitive hosts, while larvae encyst in intermediate hosts.
adult tapeworms
130
it usually occurs through the consumption of infected intermediate hosts
transmission
131
they are composed of flukes
trematodes
132
type of trematodes that has oral sucker and a ventral sucker, and genital sucker
adult trematodes
133
what do you call the oral sucker and ventral sucker?
acetabulum
134
what do you call the genital sucker
gonotyl
