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Bio 233 > Introduction to Medical Microbiology Ch 1 > Flashcards

Introduction to Medical Microbiology Ch 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are microorganisms?

A

Organisms too small to be seen with unaided eye

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2
Q

What do microorganisms do?

A
  • Few are pathogenic (disease-producing)
  • Some cause food spoilage
  • Decompose organic waste
  • Incorporate nitrogen gas in air into organic compounds
  • Generate oxygen by photosynthesis
  • Produce chemical products: ethanol, acetone, and vitamins
  • Produce fermented foods: vinegar, cheese, yogurt, alcoholic beverages, and bread
  • Can be used in Industry to manufacture products: Cellulose, insulin, drugs (antibiotics)
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3
Q

What is the microbiome (microbiota)?

A

= group of microbes that live stably on/in the human body

  • Adult humans compose 30 trillion body cells but harbor another 40 trillion bacterial cells.
  • Begin to be acquired before birth
  • May colonize the body indefinitely
  • May colonize the body fleetingly (Called transient microbiota)
  • Help to maintain good health
  • Can prevent growth of pathogenic microbes
  • May help train the immune system to discriminate threats
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4
Q

Naming and classifying microorganisms (Scientific names)

A
  • Are italicized or underlined
  • composed of 2 names:
    - Genus: which is capitalized
    - Specific epithet (species name), which is lowercase.
  • (Are latinized and used Worldwide)

EXAMPLES:

  • Escherichia coli (E. coli)
    • Honors the discoverer, Theodor Escherich
      - Describes the bacterium’s habitat—the large intestine, or colon
  • Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)
    - Describes the clustered (staphylo-) spherical (coccus) cells
    - Describes the gold-colored (aureus) colonies
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5
Q

Classification of Microorganisms

A
  • Developed by Carl Woese in 1978
  • Three domains based on cellular organization (Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes)

-Bacteria (prokaryotes)

-Archaea (Prokaryotes)

-Eukarya (Eukaryote)
- protists
- Fungi
- Plants
- Animals

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6
Q

Classification of Bacteria

A

Cell walls contain a protein -carbohydrate complex called peptidoglycan

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7
Q

Classification of Archaea

A

Cell walls, if present, lacks peptidoglycan

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8
Q

Classification of Eukarya

A
  • Protists (Slime, molds, yeasts, protozoa, and algae)
  • Fungi (Unicellular yeasts, multicellular molds, and mushrooms)
  • Plants (mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants)
  • Animals (Sponges, worms, insects)
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9
Q

Infectious Diseases

A

Infectious disease are caused by microorganisms (microbes)
- Including major infectious disease of temperate and tropical
climates

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10
Q

Other categories of disease

A

-Inherited (genetic) diseases
- Nutritional deficiencies
-Physiological disorders
- Diabetes
- Cerebral Palsy
- Degenerative diseases
- Osteoarthritis
- Neoplastic diseases (Cancers)
- HPV -> causes cervical cancer
- Mental disorders, etc.

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11
Q

Infection

A

Results from an invasion of part of the body by a microorganism

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12
Q

Microbes that cause infections are described as

A
  • Infectious
  • Infectious agent
  • Pathogens
  • Pathogenic microorganisms
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13
Q

Types of Infectious Agents

A
  • Prions
  • Viruses
  • Bacteria
  • Fungi
  • Algae (non-infectious/toxins)
  • Protozoa
  • helminths (worms)
  • arthropods (ticks, fleas, insects)

mnemonic: “Pretty Vicious Bacteria Find All Pathogens Horribly Annoying”

  • Pretty = Prions
  • Vicious = Viruses
  • Bacteria = Bacteria
  • Find = Fungi
  • All = Algae
  • Pathogens = Protozoa
  • Horribly = Helminths
  • Annoying = Arthropods
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14
Q

Medical Microbiology

A

Is the study of bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa
- Can also include helminths (worms) and arthropods (ticks,
mites, insects)
- Not microbes but important vectors of pathogens

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15
Q

Subdivisions in Medical Microbiology

A

Divisions depending on microorganism:
- Bacteriology (study of bacteria)
- Virology (Study of viruses)
- Mycology (Study of fungi)
- Parasitology (study of parasites: protozoans, worms, insects)

mnemonic: “Big Viruses Make problems”

Big = Bacteriology (study of bacteria)
Viruses = Virology (study of viruses)
Make = Mycology (study of fungi)
Problems = Parasitology (study of parasites: protozoans, worms, insects)

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16
Q

People for first observation & Brief History

A
  • Robert Hooke (1665)
  • Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1673 - 1723)
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17
Q

Robert Hooke (1665)

A
  • Said that living things are made of “cells”
  • He marked the beginning of the = Cell theory: “all living things are
    composed of cells”
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18
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1673-1723)

A
  • First person to observe microbes through the magnifying glass (crude microscope)
  • Identified “animalcules” —> Bacteria and protozoa
19
Q

Spontaneous generation

A

Hypothesis that living organisms arise from non-living matter;

  • A “vital force” forms life
20
Q

Biogenesis

A

Hypothesis that living organisms arise from preexisting life (living organisms)

21
Q

Francesco Redi (1668)

A
  • Filled 6 jars with decaying meat
  • He first challenged spontaneous generations, showing how maggots comes from flies of the eggs
22
Q

John Needham (1745)

A
  • Heated broth, then placed it in a sealed flask
        - Resulted in microbial growth
23
Q

Lazzaro Spallanzani (1765)

A
  • Broth placed in flask, then heated, then sealed
              - No microbial growth
24
Q

Louis Pasteur (1861)

A
  • Demonstrated that microorganisms are present in air
  • Heated broth in flask (no sealed)
    - Microbial growth was observed

-Heated broth in a flask which was sealed.
- No microbial growth was observed

-Disproving the theory of spontaneous generation

25
Q

Milestone of Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) First era

A
  • Demonstrated that life did not arise spontaneously from nonliving matter
  • Introduced fermentation and pasteurization
26
Q

Milestone of Joseph Lister (1822-1895) first era

A
  • Performed surgery under aseptic conditions using phenol
  • Proved that microbes caused surgical wounds infections
27
Q

Milestone of Robert Koch (1843 - 1910) first era

A
  • Established experimental steps for directly linking a specific
    microbes to a specific disease. (Introduction Germ Theory)
  • First person to recognize that we can isolate organisms to highest
    purity.
28
Q

2nd era of microbiology

A

Focused on treating diseases

Introduced:
- Chemotherapy: synthetic drugs

  • Antibiotics: chemical produced by bacteria/fungi
  • Ehrlich “magic bullet”
  • Sulfonamides synthesis
  • First antibiotics (penicillin) discovered by Alexander Fleming in
    1928
29
Q

People to Know

A
  • Alexander Fleming
  • Robert Hooke
  • Edward Jener
  • Robert Koch
  • Louis pasteur
  • Van Leeuwenhoek
  • Paul Ehrlich “magic bullet”
    -Carolus Linnaeus: Established Binomial nomenclature

Nemonic: “Alex Runs Every Road Like Very Proud Champion”

  • Alex = Alexander Fleming
  • Runs = Robert Hooke
  • Every = Edward Jenner
  • Road = Robert Koch
  • Like = Louis Pasteur
  • Very = Van Leeuwenhoek
  • Proud = Paul Ehrlich (“magic bullet”)
  • Champion = Carolus Linnaeus (Binomial nomenclature)
30
Q

3rd era of microbiology

A

Molecular biology

  • Focused on genetic manipulation
31
Q

Major subject area of microbiology

A
  • Clinical microbiology
  • Chemotherapy and Microbial Physiology
  • Microbial Pathogenesis & Host defense
  • Microbial Ecology
  • Biotechnology
  • Immunity, Immunology & Vaccinology
  • Epidemiology & public health microbiology
32
Q

Clinical microbiology

A

Biology of medically important microorganisms

33
Q

Chemotherapy and Microbial Physiology

A

Control of microorganisms

34
Q

Microbial pathogenesis & Host defense

A

Virulence factors & host-pathogen interaction

35
Q

Microbial Ecology

A

Microbiota & Biofilm

36
Q

Biotechnology

A

Practical applications of microbiology (biotechnology)

37
Q

Immunity, Immunology & Vaccinology

A

Host Immunization, allergies, Immunodeficiencies, and autoimmune diseases

38
Q

Epidemiology & Public health microbiology

A

Movement of diseases in populations, emerging infectious diseases, Case studies of common infectious diseases

39
Q

Three Approaches to the study of Infectious Diseases

A

Organismal approach

Body system approach

Ecological approach

40
Q

Organismal approach

A

Focus on type of organism

  • Bacterial diseases; Viral diseases; Mycoses; Parasites- diseases caused by protozoa and helminths
41
Q

Body system approach

A

Focus on body parts infected

  • Skin infections; Cardiovascular system infections; Respiratory tract infections; Digestive system infections; Urinary and reproductive tract infections
42
Q

Ecological approach

A

Focus on how persons becomes infected or route of infection

  • Foodborne and waterborne diseases; Skin and wound infections; STDs ; Nosocomial (infections; Arthropod-borne diseases)
43
Q

Clinical Microbiology

A

Association between pathogen and disease

44
Q

Diagnostic Microbiology

A
  • Identification of medically important microorganisms in the lab.
  • Ex of procedures: Culturing, biochemical tests, microscopy, staining, etc.

Bio 233 (2 decks)

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