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diagnostic imaging > Introduction to Medical Imaging > Flashcards

Introduction to Medical Imaging Flashcards

1
Q

who discovered xray?

A

Wilhelm Röentgen

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2
Q

Coolidge Tube

A

Dr. William Coolidge

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3
Q

Produced by focusing a beam of high energy electrons onto a tungsten target

A

X-rays

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4
Q

what does xray use?

A

Electromagnetic radiation

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5
Q

Cathode energy releases in the form of

A

electrons

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6
Q

Advantages of digital over conventional radiography

A

Magnification of areas of interest
Alteration of density
Measurements of distances and angles

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7
Q

Cassettes are inserted in the laser reader

ADC produces an image

A

Computed Radiography

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8
Q

detector screen of digital radiography contains__

A

silicon detector

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9
Q

Produce electrical signal when exposed to x-rays

A

digital radiography

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10
Q
  • Large computer storage facility
  • Images form different modalities are stored
  • Allow instant recall and display of patients’ imaging study
  • Easy accessibility for other hospital facilities
A

PACS

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11
Q

Constant stream of X-rays

A

fluoroscopy

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12
Q

uses of fluoroscopy??

A
  • Angiography and interventional radiology
  • Contrast studies of the GI tract
  • Guidance of therapeutic injections and arthrograms
  • Screening in theatre
    • General surgery, urology, orthopedic surgery
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13
Q

water insoluble contrast material

A

barium

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14
Q

uses of contrast materials

A

GI tract studies
CT scan
DSA
Arthrography

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15
Q

Cross-sectional imaging with the use of .x-rays

A

CT scan

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16
Q

High attenuation

Light grey or white

A

High density

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17
Q

Low attenuation

black

A

Low density

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18
Q

Alteration of grey-scale settings

Image information can be manipulated to display various tissue of the body.

A

Windows

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19
Q

inventor of CT scan

A

Godfrey hounsfield

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20
Q

Relative density of an area of interest can be measured electronically

A

attenuation value

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21
Q

CT number of bone

A

+1000

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22
Q

used in Differentiation of normal blood vessels from abnormal masses (hilar vessels versus lymph nodes

A

Intravenous contrast

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23
Q

Differentiation of normal enhancing bowel loops from abnormal masses or fluid collections
Diagnosis of perforation of the gastrointestinal tract
Diagnosis of leaking surgical anastomose

A

oral contrast

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24
Q

Detailed examination of the pelvis and the distal large bowel.

A

Rectal contrast

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25
Q

Tube and detectors rotate as the patient passes through on the scanning table.
Multiple detectors
16 to 320 row scanners

A

Multidetector Row CT scan (MDCT)

26
Q

uses High-frequency sound waves

A

Ultrasound

27
Q

basic component of ultrasound

A

Piezoelectric crystals

28
Q

conversion of sound into mechanical energy

A

Piezoelectric effect

29
Q

Varying sound wave reflection

A

Echogenicity

30
Q

Reflect more sound waves

White or light grey

A

Hyperechoic

31
Q

Reflect less sound waves

Dark grey

A

Hypoechoic

32
Q

appears black in utz

A

anechoic

33
Q

Tissues distally receive more sound waves

A

Acoustic Enhancment

34
Q 
Reverse effect of acoustic enhancement
- appears Darker 
Gas containing bowel
Gallstones
Renal stones
Breast malignancy
A

acoustic shadowing

35
Q

Uses non-ionizing radiation

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

36
Q

Magnetic strength

A

tesla

37
Q

increased density in MRI

A

appears darker

38
Q

the primary nuclei used for mri imaging is the

A

hydrogen atom called proton

39
Q

used to excite the proton which resonate and emit varying signals which are received, digitized and display as images

A

radiowave

40
Q

the process by which the spins in the sample come to equilibrium with the surroundings

A

Relaxation

41
Q

structures that appear white on T1

A 
Fat
Subacute hemorrhage
Melanin
Protein-rich fluid
Slowly flowing blood
Paramagnetic substances: gadolinium, manganese, copper
Calcification (rarely)
Laminar necrosis of cerebral infarction
42
Q

structures that appear dark on T1

A

Increased water
*edema, tumor, infarction, inflammation, infection, hemorrhage (hyperacute or chronic)
Low proton density, calcification
Flow void

43
Q

APPEARS BRIGHT IN T2

A

Increased water
edema, tumor, infarction, inflammation, infection, subdural collection
Methemoglobin (extracellular) in subacute hemorrhage

44
Q

appears dark on t2

A

Low proton density, calcification, fibrous tissue
Paramagnetic substances: deoxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin (intracellular), iron, ferritin, hemosiderin, melanin
Protein-rich fluid
Flow void

45
Q

Paramagnetic substance that causes T1 shortening = increased signal on T1-weighted images.

A

Gadolinium

46
Q

Imaging modality of choice for most brain and spine disorders

A

MRI

47
Q

MR for abdomen in children is used for:

A

staging of abdominal tumors

48
Q

Imaging study for breast tissues

A

mammography

49
Q

2 Basic forms of mammography

A

Screening

Diagnostic

50
Q

age of women at average risk of breast ca

A

40

51
Q

2 views in mammography

A

MLO and CC

52
Q

commonly develop in women’s breasts because the breasts produce milk, which contains calcium

A

calcifications

53
Q

Amass, or lump, found on a mammogram may be

A

Lymph nodes
Cyst
Fibroadenoma

54
Q

can make mammogram evaluation difficult because the tissue can obscure small cancers

A

Dense breast tissue

55
Q

use of gamma radiation to form images following the injection of various radiopharmaceuticals

A

Scintigraphy

56
Q

emits gamma rays

A

Radionuclide

57
Q

is an analogue of glucose and therefore accumulates in areas of high glucose metabolism

A

FDG

58
Q

Area of high FDG concentration

A

hot spot

59
Q

Isotope is attached to a biological compound to form a radiopharmaceutical
Most commonly used in ONCOLOGY

A

PET Scan

60
Q

The main disadvantage of scintigraphy is

A

its non specificity

diagnostic imaging (3 decks)

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