Introduction to Macromolecules and Nutrients

Question 1

What is the least amount of hydroxyl groups that carbohydrates contain?

Answer 1

2

Question 2

What are some examples of monosaccharides?

Answer 2

• trioses
  
  • D-Glyceraldehyde
  • Dihydroxyacetone
• pentoses
  
  • D-ribose
• hexoses
  
  • D-fructose
  • D-glucose

Question 3

What are Oligosaccharides?

Answer 3

• 2-10 monosaccharides linked together
• joined via glycosidic linkages
• sucrose (glucose+fructose)
• lactose (galactose+glucose)

Question 4

What are polysaccharides?

Answer 4

> 10 monosaccharides

Question 5

What is starch?

Answer 5

major form of carbohydrate

Question 6

What are lipids?

Answer 6

they exist in large tissue (adipose) and are a vital constituent of membranes, hormones and vitamins

Question 7

What are fatty acids?

Answer 7

• organic acids containing a relatively large number of carbon atoms (12-26)
• consist of a long carbon chain with hydrogen atoms all around and a carboxyl group at one end

Question 8

What is a saturated fatty acid?

Answer 8

when all carbons are linked by single bonds

Question 9

What is unsaturated fatty acid?

Answer 9

when there is the presence of double bonds

Question 10

What are triacylglycerols / triglycerides

Answer 10

• the most abundant lipid category, constituting 95% dietary fat
• serve as energy depots
• consist of a glycerol unit and three fatty acids connected via ester links

Question 11

What are vitamins and minerals?

Answer 11

• no energy value
• vital regulators of numerus bodily functions
• involved in energy provision during exercise

Question 12

What is vitamin B1?

Answer 12

(thiamine) found in active site of pyruvate dehydrogenase

Question 13

What is vitamin B6?

Answer 13

coenzymes for aminotransferases and neurotransmitters

Question 14

What is vitamin B12?

Answer 14

serves as enzyme in fatty acids processing

Question 15

What is vitamin A?

Answer 15

contained within retinas of the eye

Question 16

What is vitamin D?

Answer 16

involved in calcium absorption / bone health

Question 17

What is pantothenate?

Answer 17

contributes to coenzyme A, a key molecule in metabolism

Question 18

What is folate?

Answer 18

involved in the synthesis of DNA

Question 19

What is niacin?

Answer 19

precursor of NAD and NADP

Question 20

What is B2?

Answer 20

(riboflavin) precursor of coenzymes for redox reactions

Question 21

What is the role of sodium?

Answer 21

• main cation in extracellular fluids
• essential for electrical transmission in nerves and muscle
• maintains water content in various compartments of the body

Question 22

What is the role of potassium?

Answer 22

interacts with sodium to maintain fluid balance and electrical impulses

Question 23

What is the role of calcium?

Answer 23

critical component of bones and blood clotting

Question 24

What is the role of magnesium?

Answer 24

cofactor for hundreds of enzymes

Question 25

What is the role of iron?

Answer 25

embedded in proteins handling oxygen and the electron transport chain

Question 26

What is the role of copper?

Answer 26

it is a cofactor for cytochrome C, a key component of the electron transport chain

Question 27

What is the role of zinc?

Answer 27

sits in the active sites of around 200 enzymes, including carbonic anhydrase that helps rid CO2

Question 28

What is the role of maganese?

Answer 28

a cofactor for over 100 enzymes involved in metabolism

Question 29

What is the role of chlorine?

Answer 29

the main anion in the extracellular fluids, where it interacts with sodium in the maintenance of fluid balance and electrical charges across cell membranes. It is also used in production of digestive hydrochloric acid

Question 30

What is the role of phosphorus?

Answer 30

phosphoryl groups are covalently attached to a vast array of biological compounds (nucleic acids, high energy phosphates)