Introduction to Limnology Flashcards
1
Q
study of structural and functional interrelationships of organisms of inland waters as they are affected by dynamic physical, chemical, and biotic environments
A
Limnology
2
Q
water bodies included in the study of Limnology
A
- Lakes
- Ponds
- Rivers
- Watershed
- Reservoirs
3
Q
Lakes
A
- in land waters and is a freshwater ecosystem
- hold standing fresh or saline water
- larger than ponds
- enclosed by land and created naturally/man-initiated
- chemically and physically stable but undergo considerable changes within a year
4
Q
Types of Lakes & Their Characteristics
Seepage Lakes
A
- natural lake
- has no stream/inlet/outlet
- limited fishery
- land-locked
- low nutrient level
- susceptible to acidification
- source: groundwater, runoff, precipitation
5
Q
Types of Lakes & Their Characteristics
Groundwater Drainage
A
- natural lake
- has no inlet but has outlet (overflow)
- source coming from groundwater flowing at the bottom, runoff, and precipitation
6
Q
Types of Lakes & Their Characteristics
Drainage/ Drained Lakes
A
- natural lake
- has stream/inlet/outlet
- has higher nutrient level
- water level fluctuates depending on supply
- support different species of fishes
- has access to other water bodies, but different to stream
6
Q
Types of Lakes & Their Characteristics
Drainage/ Drained Lakes
A
- natural lake
- has stream/inlet/outlet
- has higher nutrient level
- water level fluctuates depending on supply
- support different species of fishes
- has access to other water bodies, but different to stream
7
Q
Types of Lakes & Their Characteristics
Coastal Lagoons
A
- natural lakes
- separated from sea by sandbars (gravel, fine sediments)
- associated with estuaries
- large seasonal variation in salinity bc it comes from both the sea and river
8
Q
Types of Lakes & Their Characteristics
Impoundments or Reservoirs
A
- man-made lakes
- result from dug minig operations (quarry lakes)
- support fish populations
- has inlet and outlets
- for agri, power generation, flood control, drinking water supply
9
Q
Classification: Origin
Glacial lakes
A
- from scouring large shallow basins from rocks due to ice activities
- v-shaped valleys transform to u-shaped valleys bc of glacial erosions
- cirque lakes: depressions filled with water
9
Q
Classification: Origin
Glacial lakes
A
- from scouring large shallow basins from rocks due to ice activities
- v-shaped valleys transform to u-shaped valleys bc of glacial erosions
- cirque lakes: depressions filled with water
10
Q
Classification: Origin
Rift Valley or Tectonic Lakes
A
- found in fault lines
- deep lakes
- Landslide lakes: formed from catastrophic events, collapsing of debris
11
Q
Classification: Origin
Depression Lakes
A
- formed from process: up-warping, down-warping, and drainage reversal during Pleistocene era
- small & shallow, cover great lakes
- origin: remnants of large bodies of water partly filled with siltation or uplifting of earth’s crust
- endorheic - very saline over time
12
Q
Classification: Origin
Volcanic Lakes
A
- volcanic origin, formed in calderas by subsidence of magma chambers
- inactive (caldera lakes)
- craters of extinct volcanoes (crater lakes)
- relatively small and isolated
13
Q
Classification: Origin
River Lakes
A
- result from erosive forces of rivers
- sediments are resuspended and deposited downstream
- oxbow lake: crescent-shaped, small lakes in river valleys
14
Q
Classification: Origin
Salt lakes or Saline lakes
A
- no natural outlets
- water evaporate rapidly
- higher-than-normal salt content
15
Q
Coastal lakes
A
- formed along irregularities of the sea
- process promoted by currents and produce fresh to brackish (salty but not as salty) water
15
Q
Coastal lakes
A
- formed along irregularities of the sea
- process promoted by currents and produce fresh to brackish (salty but not as salty) water
16
Q
Classification: Origin
Karstic lakes
A
- result of collapsed cave
- form in calcareous regions
- karstification: running over water dissolve carbonate constituting rocks
- water solluble rocks: gypsum, limestones, dolomite
17
Q
Classification: Richness
Oligotrophic lakes
A
- less DO, nutrient poor lakes or glacial origins
- deep, transparent water with few organisms
- made up of mainly granite
18
Q
Classification: Richness
Mesotrophic lakes
A
- meso: some, balanced nutrient status
- allow thermal stratification causing diff abundance of nutrients, phytoplankton & zooplankton
19
Q
Classification: Richness
Eutrophic Lakes
A
- nutrient-enriched
- algal blooms
- intensive agricultural activities around
- shallow, soft, mocky bottom
- water not clear, tea color
19
Q
Classification: Richness
Eutrophic Lakes
A
- nutrient-enriched
- algal blooms
- intensive agricultural activities around
- shallow, soft, mocky bottom
- water not clear, tea color
20
Q
Classification: Richness
Dystrophic Lakes
A
- aka humic lakes, poor in nutrients
- bogs and marshes
- low food value
- brown water, full of soil particles
- high concentrations of tannic acids (decay vegetation)
21
Classification: Richness
| Hypertrophic lakes
-nutrient-enriched lakes
- low transparency
contain devastating algal blooms
- poor ecosystems, low DO
- cyanobacteria
22
Classification: Mixing and Stratification
| Holomictic lakes
- completely mixed, reach uniform T & density from top to bottom once a year
22
Classification: Mixing and Stratification
| Holomictic lakes
- completely mixed, reach uniform T & density from top to bottom once a year
23
Classification: Mixing and Stratification
| Monomictic
- mix from top to bottom during 1 mixing period a year
| 2 types: (1) warm monomictic - thermally stratified, never freeze (2) cold monomictic) - inversely stratified
24
Classification: Mixing and Stratification
| Dimictic Lakes
- mix from top to bottom in 2 mixing periods a year (autumn and spring)
25
Classification: Mixing and Stratification
| Polymictic Lakes
- holomictic lakes mixing several times a year
- shallow to develop thermal stratification
- types: (1) cold polymictic - 4 degrees top to bottom, (2) warm polmictic - beks down often
25
Classification: Mixing and Stratification
| Polymictic Lakes
- holomictic lakes mixing several times a year
- shallow to develop thermal stratification
- types: (1) cold polymictic - 4 degrees top to bottom, (2) warm polmictic - beks down often
26
Classification: Mixing and Stratification
| Oligomictic lakes
- irregular mixing, do not occur every year
| infrequent mixing
27
Classification: Mixing and Stratification
| Amictic lakes
- never mix / circulate
- usually ice covered throughout the year
4 degrees below ice water (highest density)
28
Classification: Mixing and Stratification
| Meromictic lakes
- bottom (dangerous) never mixes with surface water
- dissolved substance found at bottom
*mixolimnion - superficial layers, possible mixing (epilimnion, thermocline, hyplimnion)
*chemocline / pycnocline - deep layer, never mix, intermediate and sudden change
[ectogenic - transport saltwater to freshwater]
[cryogenic- saline spring at bottom of lake]
[biogenic - salts from organic matter]
29
Lake Zonation
| Littoral Zone
- horizontlly extending from shore to point, submerged macrophytes and benthic algae can live
- emergent plants, submergent, floating-leaved
- reached by solar radiations including photic zone
30
Lake Zonation
| Pelagic Zone
- open sea / ocean
| - comprising the water column
31
Lake Zonation
| Photic zone
-vertically extending, from surface to depth, reached by solar radiation
32
Lake Zonation
| Aphotic zone
- water column not reached by solar radiation
33
Epilimnion / Hypolimnion
- overlaying or underlaying layers
34
Thermocline / Metalimnion
- layer where T change by 1 Centigrade
35
Benthic zone
- located at water sediment interface
- soil part
- include aphotic zone - profound benthic zone
35
Benthic zone
- located at water sediment interface
- soil part
- include aphotic zone - profound benthic zone
