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Nutrition through life Part 2 > Introduction to Lactation and breast-milk Protein Composition > Flashcards

Introduction to Lactation and breast-milk Protein Composition Flashcards

1
Q

Breastfeeding is also known as?

A

Exterior gestation

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2
Q

What is the magic hour?

A

hour where skin on skin is important to comfort the baby.

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3
Q

Why should the baby breastfeed as soon as possible?

A

To stimulate hormones in the mother after the drop of progesterone and estrogen at the end of pregnancy.

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4
Q

Why is a support system necessary to begin breastfeeding?

A

to learn how to do it, not be afraid, get used to it and to stick with it

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5
Q

The suckling stimulus causes the release of what hormones?

A

release of Prolactin and oxytocin

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6
Q

Where is prolactin released from?

A

Anterior pituitary

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7
Q

What does Prolactin do?

A

stimulate production of milk by alveolar cells in mammary gland

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8
Q

Where is oxytocin released from?

A

Posterior Pituitary

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9
Q

What does oxytocin do in breastfeeding?

A

Stimulate the Myoepithelial cells in mammary glands to contract to expel the milk from the breast

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10
Q

What does oxytocin do outside of its involvement in breastfeeding?

A

induces mothering response by increasing bonding and emotional ties.
thought to act on brain by neurotransmitters
also help uterus return to original size

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11
Q

What effect does breastfeeding have on ovulation and how?

A

suppresses ovulation by decreased levels of progesterone and estrogen with increased levels of prolactin

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12
Q

Does a women who is breastfeeding need contraceptives?

A

No, if the baby is exclusively breastfeeding. has to be pretty frequent

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13
Q

What are the advantages of breastfeeding?

A 
proper jaw and tooth development
bacteriologically safe and always fresh
anti-infectious agents and immune cells
nutritionally superior
lower risk of food allergy
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14
Q

What are the sources of milk components?

A

transferred from maternal plasma
synthesized from secretory cells from maternal plasma precursors
Synthesized from other mammary cells in situ

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15
Q

What is colostrum?

A

Breast-milk first 5-7 days

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16
Q

Compared to mature milk, what nutritional differences does colostrum have?

A

more protein and mineral content (Na, K, Cl),
less energy, fat and lactose content
high carotenoid content

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17
Q

What is Transitional milk?

A

milk at 7 days to 3-4 milk

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18
Q

Compared to mature milk, what nutritional differences does Transitional milk have?

A

less protein more lactose and fat

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19
Q

What is mature milk? What is it separated into?

A

After the first month

Fore-milk and Hind-milk

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20
Q

Is the mature milk nutritional content constant?

A

No, changes according to needs (time of day or age)

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21
Q

When comparing to average mature milk, early morning milk is characterized by?

A

more water and lactose to hydrate

called fore-milk

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22
Q

What is Hind-milk and what is it characterized by nutritionally?

A

Higher in fat

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23
Q

Why is hind-milk so crucial for young children?

A

higher in fat which is good for brain development

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24
Q

In what way does breast-milk provide immunological properties?

A

direct action against pathogens
modulation of immune response
promotion of growth and maturation of GI tract

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25
What is milk banking?
freezing extra milk in the freezer for later
26
Whey proteins are resistant to what? Why?
proteolysis and acid denaturation | They come with anti-proteases that protect by preserving S-S bonds
27
Which antibodies are present in breast-milk and which immunity do they provide?
IgA, IgM, IgE, IgG | passive immunity
28
Where are the antibodies produced?
locally in mammary gland | except IgG which is adsorbed from plasma
29
What does IgA do and where do they come from?
protect against many pathogens | from B cells from maternal sites exposed to a lot of pathogens
30
Which is the most common antibody?
IgA
31
What do the antibodies do in general?
bacterial and viral neutralizing capacities to inhibit colonization of the gut
32
What is the Bifidus factor?
A carbohydrate with nitrogen that promotes the growth of lactobacilli
33
Why is the bacillus factor good?
promotes lactobacillus which can antagonize the growth of enterobacteria which are bad
34
How do lactobacillus prevent the growth of pathogenic bacteria?
they secrete organic acids which lower the pH and make the environment less friendly
35
What is necrotizing enterocolitis?
destruction of intestinal tissue due to health problem, disruption of oxygen or bacteria
36
True or False. breastfeeding can reduce the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis?
true
37
How can breast-milk reduce staph infections?
anti-staphylococcus factor
38
Breast-milk contains lysozymes, Why is this useful?
Break down successible bacteria by breaking down proteoglycans from cell walls of those bacteria
39
What is Lactoferrin produced by?
Milk lymphocytes
40
What does lactoferrin do?
inhibits siderophilic bacteria by binding to iron and prevent access to it most of it is in apo form which wants bind to iron to make holo form
41
What does lactoperoxidases do?
kill streptococci and enteric bacteria
42
What are lactoperoxidases and lipases?
bactericidal proteins
43
How do lipases have anti-viral properties?
fat break down in gut of free fatty acid and monoacyl glycerol can have antiviral properties
44
List 5 anti-infectious agents in breast milk
``` whey protein antibodies bifidus factor anti-staphylococcus factor lysozymes lactoferrin lactoperoxidases lipases interferon B12-binding protien macrophages neutrophils lymphocytes fibronectin complement ```
45
What does B12 binding protein do?
binds to B12 to make it unavailable for bacterial growth
46
What are the 3 major white blood cells in breast milk?
Neutrophile, macriphage and lymphocytes
47
What do neutrophiles do?
phagocytosis
48
What do macrophages do?
synthesize complement, lactoferrin, lysozymes and do phagocytosis
49
What do macrophages do?
synthesize complement, lactoferrin, lysozymes and do phagocytosis
50
What do Lymphocytes do?
synthesize secretory IgA and other Igs
51
What does the complement do?
promotes opsonization
52
What does fibronectin do?
increase phagocytosis
53
Name 3 growth factors in breast milk.
``` Cortisol/thyroxine/insulin Prostaglandins polyamines insulin-like growth factor vitamin E ```
54
What does cortisol/thyroxine/insulin do as a growth factor?
stimulate synthesis of intestinal enzymes and maturation of gut mucosa
55
What does prostaglandins do as a growth factor?
stimulate mucus secretion and cell division
56
What does Polyamines do as a growth factor?
increase cell replication (maturation of GI)
57
What does insulin-like growth factors do as a growth factor?
increase rate of gut maturation
58
What does vitamin E do as a growth factor?
stimulate immune system
59
What are 2 examples of Polyamines?
Spermine and spermidine
60
Why does human breast milk have one of the lowest protein contents compared to other species?
The protein content in breast milk is proportional to the growth rate of the species and humans grow really slowly
61
What are caseins?
Phosphoproteins only found in milk. come in a micelle of sodium caseinate and Phosphates, Ca and Mg
62
Why is the micelle structure good for caseins?
just by being in that form the milk can carry more Ca, Mg and phosphates
63
What is Whey?
what remains after the removal of the curd after adding acid | major supplier of minerals
64
What are the differences between human milk and cow's milk?
Whey/casein ratio is much higher in human milk more nucleotides better aa balance less allergenic reactions
65
Why is the whey casein ratio different in human's milk?
makes a softer curd in the stomach that's easier to break down cine the baby stomach isn't that strong
66
What does the whey protein lactalbumin do?
a metalloenzyme that binds Ca and Zn | also part of lactose synthetase
67
What does the whey protein Xanthine Oxidase do?
supplies Fe and Mo
68
What does the whey protein glutathione peroxidase do?
supplies Se
69
What does the whey protein alkaline phosphatase do?
supplies Zn and Mg
70
What does the whey protein lactoferrin do?
supplies Fe
71
What are the major proteins in human milk?
alpha-lactalbumin and IgA
72
What are the major proteins in cow milk?
IgG and beta-lactoglobulin
73
Which protein in cow's milk is mostly responsible for the adverse reactions some have to milk? Why does this explain the low reactions of human milk?
Beta-lactoglobulin | there isn't any in human milk
74
How are bovine serum albumin and diabetes related?
some people have an anti-body for BSA. BSA have similar binding sites to pancreas so it can lead to destruction of pancreatic cells and may cause type 1 diabetes
75
What whey protein has been associated with colic?
IgG
76
How is having more (than cow's milk) nonprotein nitrogen compounds advantageous?
aids in digestibility | some of them play a role in growth factors (polyamines, nucleotides...)
77
What is Taurine?
(aa) A principal component of the nonprotein nitrogen compartment of breast milk
78
True or false. There is much more taurine in human milk than cow milk.
True, 30x more
79
What does Taurine do?
membrane stabiliser bile acid conjugation (1 step to make bile salts) inhibitor neurotransmitter
80
What are the significant aspects of amino acid composition in human milk?
more cysteine, less methionine
81
Why is a high cysteine and low methionine ratio good?
allows to utilize cysteine without needing to metabolize methionine since this system is not good yet and methionine is the most toxic aa at high levels system not ready because of developmental delay of cystathionase (for break down of methionine into cysteine)
82
Why is lower phenylalanine and tyrosine levels a good thing?
excessive phenylalanine and tyrosine can be neurotoxic (mostly for premature) the enzymes that metabolize these 2 amino acids are late to develop tyrosine aminotransferase and para-hydroxyphenyl pyruvate oxidase
83
What are the clinical signs that the baby has a cow's milk allergy?
vomiting, nausea, sneezing, wheezing, chronic cough, dermatitis, headaches, best sign: blood in poo
84
What do you do when a cow's milk allergy has been identified?
special formula | not soy because the allergy may extend to soy based
85
How can IgA in breast milk protect against milk allergy?
aids in blockage of whole food proteins from absorption by binding to them. the complex then promotes mucus release and proteolysis at mucosal surface (before proteins reaches systemic circulation)
86
How does blood IgA protect against milk allergy?
blood IgA binds to food proteins and takes them out via reticuloendothelial system
87
Besides through IgA, how can breast feeding protect against milk allergy?
Colostrum makes leaky tight junctions close faster so antigens can't pass through
88
What is Heiner's syndrome?
hypersensitivity to cow's milk protein presents itself as a pulmonary disease GI blood and iron deficiency anemia failure to thrive

Nutrition through life Part 2 (4 decks)

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