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Introduction to Infectious Agents & Bacterial structure Flashcards

1
Q

What are some infectious agents?

A 
Bacteria: prokaryotes (unicellular)
viruses: acellular
fungi: eukaryotes (uni/multicellular)
parasites: eukaryote
(unicellular [protozoan]multicellular[metazoan])
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2
Q

What % of known bacteria are non-pathogens?

A

95%

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3
Q

What % of all known bacteria cause human diseases?

A

1%

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4
Q

under normal circumstances are harmless & may be beneficial

A

Normal flora - also known as commensals(non-pathogens)

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5
Q

Normal flora compete for nutrients w/ pathogens, produce antimicrobial substances, & immune system stimulus in the newborn. Also, does 2 other things?

A

provide nutrients & block host receptors for pathogens

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6
Q

What are some true pathogens able to cause disease?

A

Ebola and plague (Yersinia pestis)

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7
Q

This pathogen causes disease when: immunocompromised, normal flora introduced into inappropriate body cavity, & overgrowth of normal flora?

A

Opportunistic pathogens

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8
Q

Classification of infectious disease by duration:

  • develops & runs its course quickly?
  • develops more slowly * is usually less sever, but may persist for a long, indefinite period of time?
  • characterized by periods of no symptoms between outbreaks of illness?
A

acute.
chronic.
latent.

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9
Q

Classification of infectious disease by location:

  • confined to a specific area of the body?
  • a generalized illness that infects most of the body w/ pathogens distributed widely in tissues?
A

local.

systemic.

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10
Q

Classification of infectious disease by timing:

  • initial infection in a previously healthy person?
  • infection that occurs in a person weakened by a primary infection?
A

primary.

secondary.

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11
Q

Phases of infectious disease:

time between infection & the appearance of signs & symptoms?

A

Incubation period

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12
Q

Phases of infectious disease:

mild, nonspecific symptoms that signal onset of some diseases?

A

Prodromal phase

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13
Q

Phases of infectious disease:
a person experiences typical signs & symptoms of disease? (some individuals may be carriers of particular pathogens & not exhibit symptoms)

A

Clinical phase

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14
Q

Time course of infectious disease:

Transmission, entry, _____, invasion, propagation, damage, & resolution

A

adherence

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15
Q

Human to human transmission:

  • Horizontal:?
  • Vertical:?
A

Horizontal: direct contact
Vertical: mother to offspring

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16
Q

Examples of non human to human transmission?

A

soil/water source,
animal,
fomites

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17
Q

Adherence-Entry

  • external features: capsules, surface antigens, flagella, fimbriae
  • may use endocytosis for entry if there is an intracellular stage in life cycle
A

Bacteria & Fungi

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18
Q

Adherence-Entry

  • external features: envelopes, peplomers, capsids
  • endocytosis or fusion to host cell for entry
A

Viruses

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19
Q

Adherence-Entry

  • external features: surface antigens, mechanical attachment
  • may use endocytosis for entry if there is an intracellular stage in life cycle
A

Parasites

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20
Q

Examples for portals of entry

A

mucus membranes,
skin,
parenteral

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21
Q

Easiest and most frequently traveled portal of entry?

A

respiratory tract

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22
Q

common diseases contracted via the respiratory tract?

A

common cold, flu, tuberculosis, whooping cough, pneumonia, measles, strep throat, diphtheria

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23
Q

Microbes gain entrance through contaminated food & water or fingers & hands?

A

gastroinstestinal tract

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24
Q

common disease contracted via the g.i. tract?

A

salmonellosis, shigellosis, cholera, ulcers, botulism

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25
Q

When unbroken is an effective barrier for most microorganisms?

A

skin

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26
Q

some microbes can gain entrance through openings in the skin:?

A

hair follicles & sweat glands

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27
Q

Portal of entry where microorganisms are deposited into the tissues below the skin or mucus membranes or punctures, injections, bites, scratches, surgery, & splitting of skin?

A

Parenteral

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28
Q

Replication of some organisms may cause mechanical damage; direct destruction called cytopathology occurs due to?

A

viral replication

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29
Q

block physiological or metabolic processes?

A

Exotoxins(secreted)

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30
Q

Shapes of bacteria?

A

cocci, bacilli-rods, spirochetes, pleomorphic

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31
Q

size range for bacteria?

A

0.2 to 5 um

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32
Q

The cell wall provide shape & helps cell maintain its integrity under?

A

changing environmental conditions

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33
Q

Bacteria are divided/classified based on their?

A

cell wall structure/biochemical makeup

  • gram +, gram -, acid fast
  • cell wall-less
34
Q

Gram negative goes thru fixation->crystal violet -> iodine treatment -> decolorization -> ?

A

counter stain safranin

gram+ stops at iodine treatment

35
Q

Staphylococcus aureus is what type of gram stain?

A

gram positive

36
Q

Gram positive cell wall structure has a thick what?

A

peptidoglycan layer

37
Q

E. coli (bacilli) is what type of gram stain?

A

gram negative

38
Q

what will not be found in gram positive

A

lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

39
Q

gram negative cell wall structures of LPS?

A

O-Antigen,
Core polysaccharide,
Lipid A

40
Q

Used to identify organisms in the genus mycobacterium?

A

Acid-Fast stain

41
Q

Acid-Fast or Non Acid-Fast:

uses carbol fuchsin then decolouriser then counterstain?

A

Non Acid-Fast (A)

42
Q

Acid-Fast or Non Acid-Fast:

uses carbol fuchsin?

A

Acid-Fast (B)

43
Q

Components: peptidoglycan with glycolipid polymers woven throughout

A

Acid Fast cell walls

44
Q

Examples of Acid Fast Bacteria?

A

Mycobacterium

45
Q

Components: NO peptidoglycan. STEROLS w/in a phospholipid bilayer membrane: Maintain fluidity.

A

Cell Wall-Less Bacteria

46
Q

Examples of Cell Wall-Less Bacteria?

A

Mycoplasma

47
Q

Bacteria’s plasma/cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer that is a site of transport & site of ATP production. The outer membrane has?
The inner membrane has?

A

Outer: Porins
Inner: Permeases

48
Q

External structure of bacteria that are used for motility. Highly conserved. Capable of being regenerated. Found on many but not all bacteria.

49
Q

External structure of bacteria only found in Spirochetes

A

Axial Filaments or endo-flagella

50
Q

Function: adhesion to host cell surface.
Virulence factor.
Cell communication.

A

Pilus & Fimbria

51
Q

adhesion & transport of bacterial proteins or DNA -conjugation

52
Q

Sex pili are mainly on gram ____ bacteria

53
Q

Glycocalyx-slime layer: surround single cells and provide: adhesion & protection

54
Q

Capsules provide protection against?

A

Phagocytosis
Dehydration
Antibiotic penetration

55
Q

What are capsules composed of?

A

Mucopolysaccharides
Polypeptides
(poorly immunogenic)

56
Q

Living layers- microbes undisturbed cling on surfaces/organic materials.
As they grow, they provide adhesion & protection (like capsule)

57
Q

What is the composition of biofilms?

A

Mucopolysaccharides

58
Q

Bacteria internal structures has genetic material & ribosomes. What are some genetic material examples?

A

Chromosome
Pathogenicity islands
Plasmids

59
Q

Extra-chromosomal genetic elements- drug resistance. Non-essential genetic information.

60
Q

Some types of Granules?

A
  • Glycogen
  • Lipids
  • Poluphosphates
61
Q

Survival forms (not reproductive). Not metabolically active. Formed in response to adverse conditions.

A

Endospores

62
Q

Endospores ___ contains high concentration of calcium bound to dipicolinic acid, plus a keratin-like protein

63
Q

Bacteria uptake material by 3 main pathways

A

Facilitated diffusion
Active transport
Group translocation

64
Q

Secretion systems (Types I-VI) used for secretion/transport in gram ____ bacteria

65
Q

Some types of bacterial products?

A

Exoenzymes
Exotoxins
Endotoxins

66
Q

Used to facilitate invasion of the host.

Ex: Lipases, Proteases, Hyaluronidase, Hemolysins, DNases

A

Exoenzymes

67
Q

Proteins secreted by many bacteria. Produced by both gram + & gram -

68
Q

Exotoxins in gram negatives are secreted via what?

A

Type I-VI transport systems

69
Q

What are the 3 main types of exotoxins?

A
  1. A-B Toxin- never secreted via Type III system
  2. Membrane-Disrupting Toxins
  3. Superantigens
70
Q

__ subunit binds host cell receptor. Determines the host cell specificity of the toxin

A

B subunit toxin

71
Q

__ subunit mediates the enzymatic activity responsible for toxicity

A

A subunit toxin

72
Q

Antibodies against B subunit prevent what?

A

toxin activity

73
Q

Can be classified as hydrolytic products

-some called lysins

A

Membrane Disrupting Toxins

74
Q

Superantigens form bridges between the MHC class II off what?

A

APCs & TCRs on T cells

75
Q

High levels of ____ in circulation can cause nausea, vomiting, malaise, & fever

76
Q

Structural component of the bacteria?

A

Endotoxins (Lipid A component of LPS)

77
Q

Lysis may be due to MAC formation, phagocytosis after complement opsonization, or ______

A

antibiotics

78
Q

High concentration of the Lipid A component of LPS may result in?

A

Endotoxic shock

79
Q

Property:

  • Chemical Nature: Lipopolysaccharide
  • Relationship to cell: Part of outer membrane
  • Antigenic: Yes, poorly
  • Can form toxoid?: No
  • Specificity of Ab: Low
80
Q

Property:

  • Chemical Nature: Protein
  • Relationship to cell: Extracellular, diffusible
  • Antigenic: Yes
  • Can form Toxoid?; Yes
  • Specificity of Ab: High
81
Q

Bacterial growth process?

A

asexual reproduction-binary fission

82
Q

Bacterial growth measurement?

A

Direct: microscopy
Indirect: plate (CFU)

Immunology-Infection (2 decks)

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