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Year 1 Week 22 - integrity > introduction to immunology > Flashcards

introduction to immunology Flashcards

1
Q

systems of the immune system

A

lymphatic system
blood

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2
Q

organs of the immune system

A

lymph nodes
spleen
bone marrow
thymus

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3
Q

cells of the immune system

A

dendritic cells
t cells
macrophages
eosinophils
b cells
NK cells
etc

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4
Q

molecules of the immune system

A

antibodies
complement
cytokines/chemokines

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5
Q

what mediates immune response

A

molecules, cells and tissues

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6
Q

what is complement

A

system of soluble serum proteins

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7
Q

what are cytokines

A

immune messenger hormones

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8
Q

what are chemokines

A

cytokines which specialise in making cells move

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9
Q

what are antibodies

A

secreted molecules which bind pathogens

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10
Q

what are leukocytes

A

all immune cells (innate and adaptive)
white blood cells

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11
Q

what are innate cells

A

macrophages
dendritic cells
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
mast cells

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12
Q

what are adaptive cells

A

t cells
b cells
lymphocytes

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13
Q

what are the tissues of the immune system

A

lymphatics
lymph nodes
spleen
thymus
bone marrow

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14
Q

where are immune cells made

A

in the bone marrow and the thymus

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15
Q

where do adaptive immune cells spend most time

A

in the lymph nodes and spleen, where immune responses are initiated

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16
Q

where are immune responses initiated

A

the lymph nodes and spleen

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17
Q

the do lymphatics provide drainage for

A

the periphery

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18
Q

what do lymphatics drain into

A

the blood via the thoracic duct

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19
Q

what are lymph nodes

A

highly organised accumulations of immune cells at lymphatic junctions

20
Q

what is swelling of the lymphatics during infection called

A

lymphadenopathy

21
Q

what do virally infected cells release

A

IFN⍺ and IFNβ

22
Q

what do IFNa and IFNb induce

A

an antiviral state in neighbouring cells
- upregulate antiviral proteins (including more IFNs) and antigen presentation
- downregulate everything else by degrading mRNA and inhibiting protein translation factors (suppress viral proliferation)

23
Q

what is synthetic IFNa administration highly effective in

A

hep B virus infection

24
Q

pros of an immune system

A

protects against infection - immunity to reinfection - vaccination response
kills mutated/tumour cells - higher risks of cancer after transplants due to immunosuppression

25
Q

cons of an immune system

A

energetically expensive
causes diseases
- allergy
- autoimmunity
- inflammatory diseases

26
Q

what is a pathogen

A

a bacterium, virus or other microorganism that can cause disease

27
Q

concept of danger

A

signals indicating there is harm to the body, and/or that infectious agents are present

28
Q

concept of self/non-self

A

the immune system can recognise your own proteins (self) and knows not to attack
anything it doesnt recognise (non self) it will kill

29
Q

what is danger recognised by

A

innate immune response

30
Q

what is self/non-self recognised by

A

adaptive immune response

31
Q

what are the 2 types of danger signal

A

PAMPs - pathogen associated molecular patterns
DAMPs - damage associated molecular patterns

32
Q

PAMPs

A

types of molecule only produced by infectious agents and not host tissue - critical for survival/virulence

33
Q

DAMPs

A

molecules released from injured cells

34
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death
caspases are activated
lead to fragmentation of DNA, ‘blebbing’ of membrane and phagocytosis
non-inflammatory

35
Q

necrosis

A

uncontrolled cell death
cell ruptures, contents are released
highly inflammatory - DAMPs
e.g. for mechanical damage or from a pathogen bursting out a cell

36
Q

pattern recognition receptors (PRR)

A

recognise PAMPs and DAMPs
examples include toll-like receptors

37
Q

how does the adaptive immune system determine what is self

A

during development, it samples everything in it’s environment

38
Q

types of t cell

A

cd4+ t helper cells
cd8+ cytotoxic t lymphocyte

39
Q

innate response type

A

rapid, generic response

40
Q

adaptive response type

A

slow, highly specific

41
Q

corticosteroids

A

powerful anti-inflammatory drugs that inhibit recruitment of inflammatory cells into tissues and inhibit survival of inflammatory cells

42
Q

corticosteroids and covid 19

A

treatment with dexamethasone reduces mortality of hospitalised patients with acute respiratory failure
systemic corticosteroids should be used in patients with severe/critical covid 19 (but not in patients with non-severe covid 19)

43
Q

interleukin 6

A

a pro-inflammatory cytokine targeted in the treatment of numerous inflammatory diseases (eg RA)

44
Q

interleukin 6 and covid 19

A

treatment with tocilizumab or sarilumab (antibodies that block the interleukin 6 receptor) improve 6 month survival and QoL in critically ill
tocilizumab is a treatment option for adults hospitalised with covid 19

45
Q

how long to get a good primary response

A

around a week
innate immunity tries to deal with infection until then

46
Q

why are responses tailored to type of infection

A

different mechanisms required for viral vs bacterial vs parasitic infections

47
Q

what is vaccination and how does it work

A

method for inducing a big immune response to a pathogen
does away with need for a primary infection
gets effective secondary response giving immunity
uses inactivated pathogen, or a subunit of the pathogen - no infection

Year 1 Week 22 - integrity (5 decks)

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