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Immunohematology > Introduction to Immunohematology > Flashcards

Introduction to Immunohematology Flashcards

1
Q

When was the first unsuccessful blood transfusion in history?

A

1492

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2
Q

Three young men were bled and the whole blood was given to _______ in the hope of curing him.

A

Pope Innocent VII

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3
Q

Earliest documented transfusion was done by _______.

A

Richard Lower

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4
Q

The first human blood transfusion was performed by ________.

A

Philip Syng Physick (1795)

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5
Q

It is the principal obstacle to overcome in blood banking.

A

Clotting

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6
Q

He discovered the circulation of blood. Shortly afterward, the earliest known blood transfusion is attempted

A

William Harvey (1628)

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7
Q

He kept dogs alive by transfusion of blood from other dogs

A

Richard Lower (1665)

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8
Q

They separately report successful transfusions from lambs to humans. Within 10 years, transfusing the blood of animals to humans eventually becomes prohibited by law because of reactions.

A

Jean-Baptiste Denys and Richard Lower (1667)

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9
Q

He performed the first human blood transfusion, although he does not publish this information.

A

Philip Syng Physick (1795)

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10
Q

He performed the first successful transfusion of human blood to a patient for the treatment of postpartum hemorrhage.

A

James Blundell (1840)

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11
Q

James Blundell’s process of successful transfusion process

A

Using the patient’s husband as a donor, he extracts approximately 4 oz
(118 mL) of blood from the husband’s arm and, using a syringe,
successfully transfuses the wife

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12
Q

He discovered the first three human blood groups, A, B, and C.

A

Karl Landsteiner (1901)

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13
Q

Blood type C was later to be re-named

A

O (for the German “Ohne”, meaning “without,” “zero,” or “null” in English)

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14
Q

World Blood Donor Day

A

It is celebrated on the birthday anniversary of Karl Landsteiner on June 14, 1868.

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15
Q

(+) Anti-A
(-) Anti-B

A

ABO Blood Group A

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16
Q

(-) Anti- A
(+) Anti- B

A

ABO Blood Group B

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17
Q

(+) Anti-A
(+) Anti-B

A

ABO Blood Group AB

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18
Q

(-) Anti-A
(-) Anti- B

A

ABO Blood Group O

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19
Q

He was the first to succeed in developing devices designed for blood transfusions

A

Edward Lindemann (1913)

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20
Q

He designed the first syringe-valve apparatus
• Unassisted donor-to-patient blood transfusion was made possible and became practical

A

Lester Unger (1913)

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21
Q

He was the first to successfully use sodium citrate as an anticoagulant solution for non-direct blood transfusions

A

Albert Hustin (1914)

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22
Q

Excess citrate results in _____ and _______.

A

toxicity and hypocalcemia

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23
Q

He determined the minimum and correct amount (dosage) of sodium citrate needed for non-direct whole blood anticoagulation

A

Richard Lewisohn (1915)

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24
Q

Suggested that the safety of transfusion might be improved by cross-matching blood between donors and patients to exclude incompatible mixtures.

A

Ludvig Hektoen (1907)

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25
Q

Devises a way to prevent clotting by sewing the vein of the recipient directly to the artery of the donor (aka anastomosis).

A

Alexis Carrel (1908)

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26
Q

Describes the antiglobulin reaction. The antiglobulin is a direct way of visualizing an antigen-antibody reaction that has taken place but is not directly visible

A

Carlo Moreschi (1909)

27
Q

They developed the Lee-White clotting time, demonstrates that it is safe to give group O blood to patients of any blood group, and that blood from all groups can be given to group AB patients. The terms “universal donor” and “universal recipient” are coined.

A

Roger Lee and Paul Dudley White (1912)

28
Q

Long-term anticoagulants, among them sodium citrate, are developed, allowing longer preservation of blood

A

Albert Hustin (1914)

29
Q

Uses sodium citrate as an anticoagulant to transform the transfusion procedure from direct to indirect

A

Richard Lewisohn (1915)

30
Q

Demonstrates the feasibility of refrigerated storage of such anticoagulated blood.

A

Richard Weil (1915)

31
Q

Introduce a citrate-glucose solution that permits storage of blood for several days after collection. Allowing for blood to be stored in containers for later transfusion aids the transition from the vein-to-vein method to indirect transfusion.

A

Francis Rous and J.R.Turner (1916)

32
Q

Credited with the establishment of the first blood depot by the British during World War I. Received the AABB Landsteiner Award in 1958 as the developer of the first blood bank

A

Oswald Robertson (1916, an American Army officer)

33
Q

Establishes the first hospital blood bank in the United States. In creating a hospital laboratory that can preserve and store donor blood, Fantus originates the term “blood bank.”

A

Bernard Fantus (1937)

34
Q

Discovered the Rh blood group system and is soon recognized as the cause of the majority of transfusion reactions

A

Karl Landsteiner, Alex Wiener, Philip Levine, and R.E. Stetson (1939-1940)

35
Q

Develops cold ethanol fractionation, the process of breaking down plasma into components and products.

A

Edwin Cohn (1940)

36
Q

Develops the first blood container, a vacuum bottle extensively used by the US Red Cross

A

John Elliott (1940)

37
Q

Effectively treats victims of the Pearl Harbor attack with Cohn’s albumin for shock

A

Isodor Ravdin (1941)

38
Q

Introduce acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD) solution, which reduces the volume of the anticoagulant, permits transfusions of greater volumes of blood, and permits long-term storage

A

J.F. Loutit and Patrick L. Mollison (1943)

39
Q

Publishes the classic description of transfusion-transmitted hepatitis

A

P. Beeson (1943)

40
Q

Describe the use of antihuman globulin (later known as the “Coombs Test”) to identify “incomplete” antibodies.

A

Coombs, Mourant, and Race (1945)

41
Q

Reports the use of _______ cryoprotectant for freezing red blood cells.

A

Audrey Smith (1950); glycerol

42
Q

Introduce the plastic bag for blood collection, replacing breakable glass bottles with durable plastic bags.

A

Carl Walter and W.P. Murphy, Jr. (1950)

43
Q

Report a method for producing cryo-precipitated antihemophilic factor (AHF) for the treatment of hemophilia.

A

Judith G. Pool and Angela E. Shannon (1965)

44
Q

Rh immune globulin is commercially introduced to prevent Rh disease in the newborns of Rh-negative women

A

1967

45
Q

Demonstrate the feasibility of storing Platelets at room temperature, revolutionizing platelet transfusion therapy.

A

S. Murphy and F. Gardner (1969)

46
Q

By virtue of _________________, the____________ was designated
as the National Reference Laboratory for confirmatory testing of
blood donors and units.

A

Department Order No. 393-E series of 2000; Research Institute for Tropical Medicine (TTI-NRL)

47
Q

Under _______________, the Transfusion Transmissible Infections – National Reference Laboratory (TTI-NRL) is mandated to perform confirmatory testing of blood donors and units screened “reactive” for ______, ________, _______, _______, and _______among blood banks and blood service facilities nationwide

A

Memorandum Circular No. 126; Hepatitis B Virus, Hepatitis C Virus, Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 and 2, Syphilis, and Malaria

48
Q

Donor selection encompasses the_______, _______, and ________.

A

medical history requirements for the donor, the (partial) physical examination, serologic testing of the donor blood

49
Q

The minimum age for an allogeneic donation is greater than or equal to _____ depending on individual state requirements.

A

16 years

50
Q

There are three areas of RBC biology that are crucial for normal erythrocyte survival and function.

A
  1. Erythrocyte membrane structure and function
  2. Erythrocyte metabolic pathways
  3. Hemoglobin structure and function
51
Q

Integral proteins

A

glycophorins (A, B, C, and D), anion exchange-channel protein (band 3)

52
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

spectrin, ankyrin, adducin, band 4.1, band 4.2, F-actin (band 5)

53
Q

Types of Deferral

A

Temporary, Indefinite, permanent

54
Q

Prospective donor is unable to donate blood for a limited period of time.

A

Temporary Deferral
-received a blood transfusion= defer for 12 months from date of transfusion.
-Donor received vaccination for yellow fever= defer for 2 weeks from date of vaccination.

55
Q

Prospective donor is unable to donate blood for someone else for an unspecified period of time due to current regulatory requirements. This donor would not be able to donate blood until the current requirement changes. These donors may be eligible to donate autologous blood.

A

Indefinite Deferral

56
Q

Prospective donor will never be eligible to donate blood for someone else. These donors may be eligible to donate autologous blood. Some permanent deferrals may result from the testing performed on a previous donation.

A

Permanent Deferral

57
Q

Proteins that extend from the outer surface and span the entire membrane to the inner cytoplasmic side of the RBC

A

integral membrane proteins

58
Q

It is found beneath the lipid bilayer. Located and limited to the cytoplasmic surface of the membrane forming the RBC cytoskeleton

A

Peripheral Proteins

59
Q

The biochemical composition of the RBC membrane is approximately ___ protein, ___ lipid, and ___ carbohydrate

A

52%, 40%, 8%

60
Q

True or False: An accumulation or increase in deposition of membrane calcium also results, causing an increase in membrane rigidity and loss of pliability

A

True

61
Q

The erythrocyte intracellular-to-extracellular ratios for Na+ and K+ are ____ and _____

A

1:12 , 25:1

62
Q

RBC metabolism may be divided into the anaerobic glycolytic pathway and three ancillary pathways that serve to maintain the structure and function of hemoglobin. What are these 3 ancillary pathways?

A

The pentose phosphate pathway, the methemoglobin reductase pathway, and the Luebering-Rapoport shunt.

63
Q

______ generates about 90% of the ATP needed by the RBC. Approximately 10% is provided by the _________.

A

Glycolysis; Pentose Pathway

64
Q

This pathway permits the accumulation of an important RBC organic phosphate, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG)

A

Luebering-Rapoport shunt

Immunohematology (1 decks)

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