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I/O Reviewer > Introduction to I/O Psychology > Flashcards

Introduction to I/O Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Branch of psychology that applies the principles of psychology to the workplace

A

Industrial-organizational psychology

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2
Q

What is the purpose of I/O?

A

To enhance the dignity and performance of human beings, and the organizations they work in, by advancing the science and knowledge of human behavior

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3
Q

Principles of Learning

A

develop training programs and incentive plans

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4
Q

Principles of social psychology

A

used to form work groups and understand employee conflict

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5
Q

Principles of motivation and emotion

A

used to motivate and satisfy empoyees

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6
Q

Difference between I/O Psychology and business fields

A

I/O studies factors that affect the people in an organization as opposed to running an organization

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7
Q

I/O Psychology relies on empirical data and statistics rather than intuition.
TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

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8
Q

Psychologists who work for organizations and help employees with
such problems as drug and alcohol abuse are called?

A

Counselors

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9
Q

How can I/O psychologists improve the quality of life?

A

The effectiveness of the employee can positively impact the quality of the products. Hence, it could reduces possible repair and replacement cost.

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10
Q

What is the goal of I/O Psychology?

A

to increase the productivity and well-being of employees

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11
Q

Industrial approach

A

focuses on determining the
competencies needed to perform a job, staffing the organization with employees who have those competencies, and increasing those competencies through training.

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12
Q

Organizational approach

A

creates an organizational structure and culture that will motivate employees to perform well, give them the necessary information to do their jobs, and provide working conditions that are safe and result in an enjoyable and satisfying work/life environment.

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13
Q

Personnel Psychology

A

The field of study that concentrates
on the selection and evaluation
of employees.

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14
Q

professionals involved in personnel psychology study and practice in such areas as

A

analyzing jobs, recruiting applicants, selecting employees,
determining salary levels, training employees, and evaluating employee performance.

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15
Q

Organizational psychology

A

The field of study that investigates the behavior of employees within the context of an organization.

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16
Q

Psychologists involved in organizational psychology are concerned in

A

with the issues of leadership, job satisfaction, employee motivation, organizational communication,
conflict management, organizational change, and group processes within an organization

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17
Q

Human Factors/Ergonomics

A

A field of study concentrating on the interaction between humans and machines

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18
Q

Wrote The Theory of Advertising (psychology was first applied in business)

A

Walter Dill Scott (1903)

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19
Q

Wrote Psychology and Industrial Efficiency

A

Hugo Münsterberg (1910; published in 1913 in english)

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20
Q

Wrote Increasing Human Efficiency in Business

A

Walter Dill Scott (1911)

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21
Q

Army Alpha

A

An intelligence test developed during World War I and used by the army for
soldiers who can read.

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22
Q

Army Beta

A

An intelligence test developed during World War I and used by the army for
soldiers who cannot read.

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23
Q

Better known as a pioneer in behaviorism, served as a major in the U.S. Army in World War I and developed perceptual and motor
tests for potential pilots

A

John Watson

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24
Q

Created a 163-item knowledge test that he administered to over 900 applicants

A

Thomas Edison (1920)

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25
Q

Improve productivity and reduce
fatigue by studying the motions used by workers

A

Frank Gilbreth and Lilian Moller Gilbreth

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26
Q

A series of studies, conducted at the
Western Electric plant in Hawthorne, Illinois, that have come to represent any change in behavior when people react to a change in the environment.

A

Hawthorne studies

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27
Q

When employees change their behavior due solely to the fact that they are receiving attention or are
being observed.

A

Hawthorne Effect

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28
Q

Characterized by the passage of several major pieces of civil rights
legislation

A

1960s

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29
Q

Brought great strides in the understanding of many organizational psychology issues that involved employee satisfaction and motivation.

A

1970S

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30
Q

Resulted in the increased use of
behavior-modification techniques in organizations.

A

B. F. Skinner’s (1971) Beyond Freedom and Dignity

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31
Q

What are the changes brought during the 1980s and 1990s?

A
  1. An increased use of fairly sophisticated statistical techniques and methods of analysis
  2. Concerned a new interest in the application of cognitive psychology
    to industry (such as by examining the thought process used by managers when they conduct such appraisals)
  3. The increased interest in the effects of work on
    family life and leisure activities
  4. I/O psychologists
    took a renewed interest in developing methods to select employees
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32
Q

Graduate Record Exam (GRE)

A

A standardized admission test required by most psychology graduate schools.

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33
Q

Terminal master’s degree programs

A

Graduate programs that offer a master’s degree but not a Ph.D.

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34
Q

Internship

A

A situation in which a student works for an organization, either for pay or as
a volunteer, to receive practical
work experience.

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35
Q

Practicum

A

A paid or unpaid position with an organization that gives a student practical work experience.

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36
Q

Dissertation

A

A formal research paper required of
most doctoral students in order to graduate.

37
Q

Hypothesis

A

An educated prediction about the answer to a research question.

38
Q

Theory

A

A systematic set of assumptions regarding the cause and nature of behavior.

39
Q

Exploratory Study

A

Study without hypothesis; needs further studies to confirm the results

40
Q

What is the first step in conducting a research?

A

Deciding on what to research

41
Q

What is the second step in conducting a research?

A

Form a hypothesis

42
Q

What is the third step in conducting a research?

A

Search the study for a similar literature

43
Q

Journals

A

A written collection of articles describing the methods and results of new research.
(Note: written by researchers)

44
Q

Bridge publications

A

Designed to “bridge the gap” between academia and the applied world. Articles in these publications are usually written by professors about a
topic of interest to practitioners

45
Q

Leading Journals in I/O Psychology

A

Journal of Applied Psychology, Personnel Psychology, Academy of Management Journal, Academy of Management Review, and Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes

46
Q

Examples of Bridge Publications

A

Academy of Management Executive, Harvard Business Review, and Organizational Dynamics

47
Q

Trade Magazines

A

A collection of articles for those “in the
biz,” about related professional
topics, seldom directly reporting
the methods and results of new
research.

48
Q

Examples of Trade Magazines

A

HR Magazines and Training

49
Q

Magazines

A

An unscientific collection of articles about a wide range of topics.

50
Q

Is internet a secondary source?
TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

51
Q

What is the fourth step in conducting a sresearch?

A

Decide on the location of the research (laboratory or in the field)

52
Q

External validity

A

The extent to which research results can be expected to hold true outside
the specific setting in which they
were obtained.

53
Q

Generalizability

A

Like external validity, the extent to which research results hold true outside the specific setting in which they were obtained.

54
Q

What could be the disadvantages of conducting a Laboratory Research?

A

External Validity or Generalizability

55
Q

Field research

A

Research conducted in a natural setting as opposed to a laboratory.

56
Q

What could be the disadvantages of conducting a Field Research?

A

Internal Validity (loses control of extraneous variables)

57
Q

Informed Consent

A

The formal process by which subjects
give permission to be included in
a study.

58
Q

When can an informed consent can be waived?

A

Only if the importance of the study outweighs the negative consequences

59
Q

Institutional Review Board

A

A committee designated
to ensure the ethical
treatment of research subjects.

60
Q

What is the next step after determining the location to used for the research study?

A

Determine the research method to use

61
Q

What is the most powerful research method?

A

Experimental research (It is the only one who can determine cause-and-effect relationships)

62
Q

Cause-and-effect relationships

A

The result of a well-controlled experiment about which the researcher can confidently state that the independent variable caused the
change in the dependent variable.

63
Q

Experiment

A

A type of
research study in which the
independent variable is
manipulated by the
experimenter.

64
Q

Manipulation

A

The alteration of a variable by an experimenter in expectation that the alteration will result in a change in the
dependent variable.

65
Q

Independent variable

A

The manipulated variable in an
experiment.

66
Q

Dependent variable

A

The measure of behavior that is
expected to change as a result of
changes in the independent
variable.

67
Q

Experimental group

A

In an experiment, the group of subjects
that receives the experimental
treatment of interest to
the experimenter.

68
Q

Control Group

A

A group of employees who do not receive a particular type of training so that their performance can be compared with that of employees
who do receive training.

69
Q

What are the two characteristics of Experiment?

A

(1) manipulation of one or more independent
variables and (2) random assignment of subjects to experimental and control
conditions.

70
Q

Quasi-experiments

A

Research method in which the
experimenter either does not
manipulate the independent
variable or in which subjects are
not randomly assigned to
conditions.

71
Q

Archival Research

A

Research that involves the use of previously collected data.

72
Q

What are the drawbacks of Archival Research?

A

Records in files are not always accurate and are not always kept
up-to-date

73
Q

What are the important things to consider in selecting a survey method?

A

Consider whether the intended population can access the medium of the survey (e.g., access to email, access
to a computer, access to a phone with a landline), whether they will agree to complete the survey (e.g., survey length), and the extent to which the person will provide honest and accurate answers

74
Q

Meta-Analysis

A

A statistical method of reaching conclusions based
on previous research.

75
Q

Effect size

A

Used in meta-analysis,
a statistic that indicates
the amount of change caused by
an experimental manipulation.

76
Q

Mean effect size

A

Used in meta-analysis, a statistic that is
the average of the effect sizes for
all studies included in the analysis.

77
Q

Correlation coefficients

A

A statistic, resulting from performing
a correlation, that indicates
the magnitude and direction of a relationship.

78
Q

What does the d score indicates?

A

It indicates the number of standard deviations in which the two groups differ.

79
Q

Difference Score

A

A type of effect size used in meta-analysis that is signified by the letter d
and indicates how many standard
deviations separate the mean score for the experimental group from the control group.

80
Q

Practical Significance

A

The extent to which the results of a
study have actual impact on
human behavior.

81
Q

What is the average effect size for an organizational intervention?

A

.44

82
Q

Random Sample

A

A sample in which every member of the
relevant population had an equal
chance of being chosen to participate
in the study.

83
Q

Convenience sample

A

A nonrandom research sample that
is used because it is easily available.

84
Q

Random assignment

A

The random, unbiased assignment of
subjects in a research sample to
the various experimental and control conditions.

85
Q

Debriefed

A

Informing the subject in an experiment about the purpose of the study in
which he or she was a participant
and providing any other
relevant information.

86
Q

Correlation

A

A statistical procedure
used to measure the
relationship between two
variables.

87
Q

Intervening Variable

A

A third variable that can often
explain the relationship between
two other variables.

88
Q

Type A dilemma

A

A high level of uncertainty as to what is right or wrong, there appears to be no best solution, and there are both positive and negative consequences to a decision.

89
Q

Type B dilemma or Rationalizing dilemmas

A

Individuals know what is right but choose the solution that is most advantageous to themselves.

I/O Reviewer (2 decks)

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