Introduction to Human Physiology and Pathophysiology Flashcards
Is the scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structure.
Examines the relationship between the structure of a body part and its function.
Anatomy
It is the study of structures that can be examined without the aid of a microscope.
Gross Anatomy
Partakes left upper extremity, left lower extremity, the abdomen, chest area
Regional
Circulatory system, Digestive system
Systematic
The study of normal structure of an organism under the microscope
Microscopic Anatomy
Examines the structural features of cells.
Cytology
Examines tissues, which are composed of cells and the materials surrounding them.
Histology
Studies the structural changes that occur between conception and adulthood.
Developmental Anatomy
Considers changes from conception to the end of the eighth week of development.
Embryology
Six Levels of Organization
- Chemical
- Cellular
- Tissue
- Organ
- Organ System
- Organism
Involves interaction between atoms, molecules and substances alike.
Chemical
are the basic structural and functional units of plants and animals
Cell
“little organs”, are specialized structures that perform various jobs inside cells.
Organelles
Is composed of a group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them.
Tissue
4 basic types of tissue
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Muscular
- Nervous
is composed of two or more tissue types that perform one or more common functions.
Organ
Is a group of organs that together perform a common function or set of functions and are therefore viewed as a unit.
Organ System
Is any living thing considered as a whole, whether composed of one cell, such as a bacterium, or of trillions of cells, such as a human.
Organism
Is the existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body.
any process that living things use to actively maintain fairly stable conditions necessary for survival
Homeostasis
Mechanisms that regulate / maintain homeostasis in the body
Negative-feedback mechanism and Positive-feedback mechanism
means that any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted.
Negative - Feedback Mechanism
Three components of Negative feedback mechanism
- Receptor – monitors the variables
- Control Center -receives information about the variable, establishes the set point, and controls the effector.
- Effector – produces response that changes the value of the variable.
Occur when a response to the original stimulus results in the deviation from the set point becoming even greater.
Positive - Feedback Mechanism
Refers to a person standing erect with the face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward.
Anatomical Position
Directional Terms: Up
Superior
Directional Terms: Down
Inferior
Directional Terms: Front
Anterior
Directional Terms: Back
Posterior
Directional Terms: Towards the head, synonymous to superior
Cephalic
Directional Terms: Towards the tail, synonymous to inferior
Caudal
Directional Terms: Towards the belly, synonymous to anterior
Ventral
Directional Terms: Towards the back, synonymous to posterior
Dorsal
Directional Terms: Nearest (located in the trunk / midline of the body; shoulder, thighs)
Proximal
Directional Terms: Distant (farther away from the midline trunk; elbow, legs, feet, hands)
Distal
Directional Terms: Away from the midline (sideways)
Lateral
Directional Terms: Towards the midline (situated in the middle of the trunk)
Medial
Directional Terms: Structure close to the surface of the body
Superficial
Directional Terms: Towards the interior of the body
Deep
Head, Neck, and Trunk
Central Region
Regions: Divided into arm, forearm, wrist, and hand
Upper limb
Regions: divided into thigh, ankle, leg, and foot
Lower limb
Regions: Chest area
Thorax
Regions: area between thorax and pelvis
Abdomen
is described as two intersecting imaginary lines, one horizontal and one vertical. Quadrants formed are known as UR, UL, LR, LL
Quadrant
are described with four imaginary lines, two horizontal and two vertical lines, like a “tic-tac-toe”.
Are known as epigastric R and L hypochondriac, umbilical, R and L Lumbar, hypogastric, and R and L iliac.
Region
inferior end of the trunk associated with the hips
Pelvis
- Describe the body as having imaginary flat surfaces.
* A plane divides, or sections the body, making it possible to “look inside” and observe the body’s structures.
Planes
Types of Planes: o Runs vertically through the body, separating it into right and left portions.
Sagittal
is a sagittal plane that passes through the midline of the body, dividing it into equal right and left halves.
Media plane
Types of Planes: Runs parallel to the ground, dividing the body into superior and inferior portions.
Transverse (Horizontal)
Types of Planes: o Runs vertically from right to left and divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.
Frontal (Coronal)
Three main cavities of the trunk: The rib cage surrounds the thoracic cavity, and the muscular diaphragm separates it from the abdominal cavity.
Thoracic cavity
separates the thoracic cavity into right and left parts.
Mediastinum
Three main cavities of the trunk: Primarily enclosed with the abdominal muscles, and this cavity contains the stomach, intestines, the liver, the spleen, the pancreas, and the kidneys.
Abdominal cavity
Three main cavities of the trunk: The Pelvic bones encases the Pelvic cavity, where the urinary bladder, part of the large intestine and the internal reproductive organs are housed.
Pelvic cavity
These are structures that line the trunk cavities and cover the organs within these cavities.
Serous Membranes
type of serous membrane: Outer layer of the membrane
Parietal Serous Membrane
Type of membrane: Covers the organ
Visceral Serous Membrane
Three serous membrane-lined cavities: surrounds the heart
Pericardial Cavity
Three serous membrane-lined cavities: surrounds the lungs
Pleural Cavity
Three serous membrane-lined cavities: surrounds the abdominal pelvic cavity
Peritoneal Cavity
anchor the organs to the body wall and provide a pathway for nerves and blood vessels to reach the organs.
Mesenteries
The study of the function and the regulation of the different organ systems of the body.
Human Physiology
Attempts to uncover evolutionary relationships between organisms or groups of organisms
Comparative Physiology
Focuses on understanding how molecular and cellular processes give rise to complex physiologic functions.
Cellular & Molecular Physiology
The basic living unit of the body
Cell
Membrane Bound
- Nucleus
- Plasma Membrane
- Mitochondria
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Golgi Apparatus
- Lysosomes
- Peroxisomes
Cystoskeleton
- Microfilaments (Actin Filaments)
- Intermediate Filaments
- Microtubules
Presence of ribosomes
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Absence of ribosomes
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
o Post-translational modification of proteins
o Packages proteins for delivery
Golgi Apparatus
serve as a storage pool
Secretory Granules
Contains digestive enzymes
Lysosomes
- The cell eating process, lysosome engulfs it then it is digested by the cell
- Is the process by which a cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf a large particle, giving rise to an internal compartment called the phagosome.
Phagocytosis
Contains oxidative enzymes
Peroxisomes
• Function:
o Maintain cell structure
o Change cell shape
o Cell motility
Cytoskeleton
o Locomotion
o Link to adjacent cells
Zonula adherens / occludens
Actin Microfilaments
Keratin in epithelial cells
Intermediate Filaments
Desmosomes & Hemidesmosomes
Extracellular Linkage
Absence of Lysosomal Enzymes
Lysosomal Diseases
Accumulation of very long chain fatty acids, VLCFCAs
Lorenzo’s Oil
Uncontrolled mitosis in tumor cells
Microtubules & Cancer
Antitumor drug: prevents formation of microtubules
Vincristine
Antitumor drug: stabilizes microtubules
Taxol
Corrective response prior to onset of change on set point values.
Feedforward Regulation
A condition of reduced tissue perfusion, resulting in the inadequate delivery of oxygen and nutrients that are necessary for cellular function.
Hemorrhagic Shock
Largest organ of human body
Skin / Integument
sense of touch: sensations of temperature, pressure, & pain
Somatic
sense of touch: give conception of body in space (proprioception)
Kinesthetic
sense of touch: such as stomach ache or nausea but you cannot pinpoint where pain is elicited.
Visceral
hairless skin
Glabrous
translate physical force into nerve impulses
Mechanoreceptors
• Processed in postcentral gyrus
o About top middle area of brain
o Often referred to as primary somatosensory cortex
o More direct sensory input information than any other part of brain.
Touch Processing
hypothalamus is also known as
Body’s Thermostat
most of body heat production is in:
Liver, Brain, Heart, and Skeletal muscles during exercise
sweat is made up of…
water and electrolytes such as sodium, chloride, and potassium.
most superficial skin
Epidermis
five layers of epidermis: outermost, toughest layer of skin, often gets eroded, and often dead
Stratum Corneum
five layers of epidermis: clear layer holding substance
Stratum Lucidum
where is Eleidin is mostly found?
Palms or soles
five layers of epidermis: • Flattened cells – No nuclei • Granular appearance • Due to Keratohyalin o Also becomes Keratin
Stratum Granulosum
five layers of epidermis: AKA Squamous
Stratum Spinosum
five layers of epidermis: AKA Germinativum
Stratum Basale
4 types of epidermal cells
Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Langerhans Cells
Merkel Cells
main component of hair, skin, and nails
Scleroprotein
produce keratin
Keratinocytes
produce melanin
Melanocytes
Have an immune function, confined in the fourth inner most layer of the epidermis.
Langerhans Cells
