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Human Physiology and Pathophysiology > Introduction to Human Physiology and Pathophysiology > Flashcards

Introduction to Human Physiology and Pathophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

Is the scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structure.

Examines the relationship between the structure of a body part and its function.

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

It is the study of structures that can be examined without the aid of a microscope.

A

Gross Anatomy

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3
Q

Partakes left upper extremity, left lower extremity, the abdomen, chest area

A

Regional

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4
Q

Circulatory system, Digestive system

A

Systematic

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5
Q

The study of normal structure of an organism under the microscope

A

Microscopic Anatomy

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6
Q

Examines the structural features of cells.

A

Cytology

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7
Q

Examines tissues, which are composed of cells and the materials surrounding them.

A

Histology

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8
Q

Studies the structural changes that occur between conception and adulthood.

A

Developmental Anatomy

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9
Q

Considers changes from conception to the end of the eighth week of development.

A

Embryology

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10
Q

Six Levels of Organization

A
  1. Chemical
  2. Cellular
  3. Tissue
  4. Organ
  5. Organ System
  6. Organism
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11
Q

Involves interaction between atoms, molecules and substances alike.

A

Chemical

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12
Q

are the basic structural and functional units of plants and animals

A

Cell

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13
Q

“little organs”, are specialized structures that perform various jobs inside cells.

A

Organelles

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14
Q

Is composed of a group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them.

A

Tissue

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15
Q

4 basic types of tissue

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective
  3. Muscular
  4. Nervous
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16
Q

is composed of two or more tissue types that perform one or more common functions.

A

Organ

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17
Q

Is a group of organs that together perform a common function or set of functions and are therefore viewed as a unit.

A

Organ System

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18
Q

Is any living thing considered as a whole, whether composed of one cell, such as a bacterium, or of trillions of cells, such as a human.

A

Organism

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19
Q

Is the existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body.

any process that living things use to actively maintain fairly stable conditions necessary for survival

A

Homeostasis

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20
Q

Mechanisms that regulate / maintain homeostasis in the body

A

Negative-feedback mechanism and Positive-feedback mechanism

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21
Q

means that any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted.

A

Negative - Feedback Mechanism

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22
Q

Three components of Negative feedback mechanism

A
  1. Receptor – monitors the variables
  2. Control Center -receives information about the variable, establishes the set point, and controls the effector.
  3. Effector – produces response that changes the value of the variable.
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23
Q

Occur when a response to the original stimulus results in the deviation from the set point becoming even greater.

A

Positive - Feedback Mechanism

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24
Q

Refers to a person standing erect with the face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward.

A

Anatomical Position

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25
Q

Directional Terms: Up

A

Superior

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26
Q

Directional Terms: Down

A

Inferior

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27
Q

Directional Terms: Front

A

Anterior

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28
Q

Directional Terms: Back

A

Posterior

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29
Q

Directional Terms: Towards the head, synonymous to superior

A

Cephalic

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30
Q

Directional Terms: Towards the tail, synonymous to inferior

A

Caudal

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31
Q

Directional Terms: Towards the belly, synonymous to anterior

A

Ventral

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32
Q

Directional Terms: Towards the back, synonymous to posterior

A

Dorsal

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33
Q

Directional Terms: Nearest (located in the trunk / midline of the body; shoulder, thighs)

A

Proximal

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34
Q

Directional Terms: Distant (farther away from the midline trunk; elbow, legs, feet, hands)

A

Distal

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35
Q

Directional Terms: Away from the midline (sideways)

A

Lateral

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36
Q

Directional Terms: Towards the midline (situated in the middle of the trunk)

A

Medial

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37
Q

Directional Terms: Structure close to the surface of the body

A

Superficial

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38
Q

Directional Terms: Towards the interior of the body

A

Deep

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39
Q

Head, Neck, and Trunk

A

Central Region

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40
Q

Regions: Divided into arm, forearm, wrist, and hand

A

Upper limb

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41
Q

Regions: divided into thigh, ankle, leg, and foot

A

Lower limb

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42
Q

Regions: Chest area

A

Thorax

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43
Q

Regions: area between thorax and pelvis

A

Abdomen

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44
Q

is described as two intersecting imaginary lines, one horizontal and one vertical. Quadrants formed are known as UR, UL, LR, LL

A

Quadrant

45
Q

are described with four imaginary lines, two horizontal and two vertical lines, like a “tic-tac-toe”.
Are known as epigastric R and L hypochondriac, umbilical, R and L Lumbar, hypogastric, and R and L iliac.

A

Region

46
Q

inferior end of the trunk associated with the hips

A

Pelvis

47
Q
  • Describe the body as having imaginary flat surfaces.

* A plane divides, or sections the body, making it possible to “look inside” and observe the body’s structures.

A

Planes

48
Q

Types of Planes: o Runs vertically through the body, separating it into right and left portions.

A

Sagittal

49
Q

is a sagittal plane that passes through the midline of the body, dividing it into equal right and left halves.

A

Media plane

50
Q

Types of Planes: Runs parallel to the ground, dividing the body into superior and inferior portions.

A

Transverse (Horizontal)

51
Q

Types of Planes: o Runs vertically from right to left and divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.

A

Frontal (Coronal)

52
Q

Three main cavities of the trunk: The rib cage surrounds the thoracic cavity, and the muscular diaphragm separates it from the abdominal cavity.

A

Thoracic cavity

53
Q

separates the thoracic cavity into right and left parts.

A

Mediastinum

54
Q

Three main cavities of the trunk: Primarily enclosed with the abdominal muscles, and this cavity contains the stomach, intestines, the liver, the spleen, the pancreas, and the kidneys.

A

Abdominal cavity

55
Q

Three main cavities of the trunk: The Pelvic bones encases the Pelvic cavity, where the urinary bladder, part of the large intestine and the internal reproductive organs are housed.

A

Pelvic cavity

56
Q

These are structures that line the trunk cavities and cover the organs within these cavities.

A

Serous Membranes

57
Q

type of serous membrane: Outer layer of the membrane

A

Parietal Serous Membrane

58
Q

Type of membrane: Covers the organ

A

Visceral Serous Membrane

59
Q

Three serous membrane-lined cavities: surrounds the heart

A

Pericardial Cavity

60
Q

Three serous membrane-lined cavities: surrounds the lungs

A

Pleural Cavity

61
Q

Three serous membrane-lined cavities: surrounds the abdominal pelvic cavity

A

Peritoneal Cavity

62
Q

anchor the organs to the body wall and provide a pathway for nerves and blood vessels to reach the organs.

A

Mesenteries

63
Q

The study of the function and the regulation of the different organ systems of the body.

A

Human Physiology

64
Q

Attempts to uncover evolutionary relationships between organisms or groups of organisms

A

Comparative Physiology

65
Q

Focuses on understanding how molecular and cellular processes give rise to complex physiologic functions.

A

Cellular & Molecular Physiology

66
Q

The basic living unit of the body

A

Cell

67
Q

Membrane Bound

A
  1. Nucleus
  2. Plasma Membrane
  3. Mitochondria
  4. Endoplasmic Reticulum
  5. Golgi Apparatus
  6. Lysosomes
  7. Peroxisomes
68
Q

Cystoskeleton

A
  1. Microfilaments (Actin Filaments)
  2. Intermediate Filaments
  3. Microtubules
69
Q

Presence of ribosomes

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

70
Q

Absence of ribosomes

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

71
Q

o Post-translational modification of proteins

o Packages proteins for delivery

A

Golgi Apparatus

72
Q

serve as a storage pool

A

Secretory Granules

73
Q

Contains digestive enzymes

A

Lysosomes

74
Q
  • The cell eating process, lysosome engulfs it then it is digested by the cell
  • Is the process by which a cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf a large particle, giving rise to an internal compartment called the phagosome.
A

Phagocytosis

75
Q

Contains oxidative enzymes

A

Peroxisomes

76
Q

• Function:
o Maintain cell structure
o Change cell shape
o Cell motility

A

Cytoskeleton

77
Q

o Locomotion
o Link to adjacent cells
 Zonula adherens / occludens

A

Actin Microfilaments

78
Q

Keratin in epithelial cells

A

Intermediate Filaments

79
Q

Desmosomes & Hemidesmosomes

A

Extracellular Linkage

80
Q

Absence of Lysosomal Enzymes

A

Lysosomal Diseases

81
Q

Accumulation of very long chain fatty acids, VLCFCAs

A

Lorenzo’s Oil

82
Q

Uncontrolled mitosis in tumor cells

A

Microtubules & Cancer

83
Q

Antitumor drug: prevents formation of microtubules

A

Vincristine

84
Q

Antitumor drug: stabilizes microtubules

A

Taxol

85
Q

Corrective response prior to onset of change on set point values.

A

Feedforward Regulation

86
Q

A condition of reduced tissue perfusion, resulting in the inadequate delivery of oxygen and nutrients that are necessary for cellular function.

A

Hemorrhagic Shock

87
Q

Largest organ of human body

A

Skin / Integument

88
Q

sense of touch: sensations of temperature, pressure, & pain

A

Somatic

89
Q

sense of touch: give conception of body in space (proprioception)

A

Kinesthetic

90
Q

sense of touch: such as stomach ache or nausea but you cannot pinpoint where pain is elicited.

A

Visceral

91
Q

hairless skin

A

Glabrous

92
Q

translate physical force into nerve impulses

A

Mechanoreceptors

93
Q

• Processed in postcentral gyrus
o About top middle area of brain
o Often referred to as primary somatosensory cortex
o More direct sensory input information than any other part of brain.

A

Touch Processing

94
Q

hypothalamus is also known as

A

Body’s Thermostat

95
Q

most of body heat production is in:

A

Liver, Brain, Heart, and Skeletal muscles during exercise

96
Q

sweat is made up of…

A

water and electrolytes such as sodium, chloride, and potassium.

97
Q

most superficial skin

A

Epidermis

98
Q

five layers of epidermis: outermost, toughest layer of skin, often gets eroded, and often dead

A

Stratum Corneum

99
Q

five layers of epidermis: clear layer holding substance

A

Stratum Lucidum

100
Q

where is Eleidin is mostly found?

A

Palms or soles

101
Q 
five layers of epidermis:
•	Flattened cells – No nuclei
•	Granular appearance
•	Due to Keratohyalin
o	Also becomes Keratin
A

Stratum Granulosum

102
Q

five layers of epidermis: AKA Squamous

A

Stratum Spinosum

103
Q

five layers of epidermis: AKA Germinativum

A

Stratum Basale

104
Q

4 types of epidermal cells

A

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Langerhans Cells
Merkel Cells

105
Q

main component of hair, skin, and nails

A

Scleroprotein

106
Q

produce keratin

A

Keratinocytes

107
Q

produce melanin

A

Melanocytes

108
Q

Have an immune function, confined in the fourth inner most layer of the epidermis.

A

Langerhans Cells

Human Physiology and Pathophysiology (1 decks)

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