Introduction to Human Gross Anatomy Flashcards
Who is considered the father of medicine?
Hippocrates
What is the Oath a physician takes?
Hippocratic Oath
What was Hippocrates main interest?
Philosophy. He had relatively little interest in anatomy or anatomical study
How did Aristotle play a part in the historical milestones in the understanding and study of human anatomy?
Interest in the natural world led him to examine living things and wrote about the anatomy of various animals
Comparative anatomical approach led him to ideas about the relationships among organisms and was the first person to think about variation among organisms in terms of adaptation and evolution
Who are Herophilus and Erasistratus?
Taught one of the first medical schools at the great Museum of Alexandria. Did human dissections. Surgeons during the Ptolemaic period in Alexandria, Egypt. Realized the heart was a pump.
First to describe the relationship between the peripheral and central nervous systems, and to promote the idea of motor and sensory impulses
Who is Galen?
Roman physician and surgeon and studies injuries to gladiators.
Did dissecting on monkeys and other animals. Promoted idea that blood ran through vessels
Vein named after him called vein of galen-goes between two cerebral hemispheres.
How did Leonardo Da Vinci contribute to anatomy?
Did many detailed drawings and dissections on the human body.
How did Andreas Vesalius (andries van Wesel) contribute to anatomy?
He is considered by many to be the father of anatomical study. Did many drawings.
Published first printed anatomical text “vesalius’ De Huani Corporis Fabrica” in 1543
How does Anatomy differ from Physiology?
Anatomy is the study of structure and anatomists examine the relationships among parts of the body along with the structure of individual organs.
Physiology studies the functions of living organisms
What are the sub disciplines of anatomy?
Microscopic (Histology)
Developmental (Embryology)
Visible (Gross Anatomy)
What are the subdivisions of Visible/Gross Anatomy?
Comparative (within or among species)
Functional (how structures work)
Abnormal or diseased (pathology)
What types of images are used in the study of anatomy?
Radiographic
Computerized tomography (CT)
Ultrasound
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
What is the difference of general anatomy vs clinical anatomy?
General studies include function, organization, and relationships of structures in an organism
Clinical anatomy puts structure, function, organization, and relationships with an organism in the context of the maintenance of a healthy patient and the prevention and treatment of disease.
What are the levels of organization in the human body starting with atoms?
Atoms, Molecule (Chemical level) Cells (cellular level) Tissue level Organ level Organ system level Organismal level
What defines an organ?
Different tissue types that work together to preform specific, complex functions
What is the integumentary system?
Broad term is skin - also includes hair and nails
Provides protection, regulates body temperature, site of cutaneous receptors, synthesizes vitamin D, prevents water loss
What is the skeletal system?
Bones
Provides support and protection
Site of hematopoeisis, stores calcium and phosphorus, allows for body movement
What is the muscular system?
Muscles
produces body movement and generates heat when muscles contract
What is the nervous system?
Regulatory system - brain, central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
Responds to sensory stimuli, control all other systems, responsible for consciousness, intelligence, memory
Controls body movement
What is the endocrine system?
Composes of different parts of the body that consists of glands and cell clusters that secrete hormones; some of which regulate body and cellular growth, chemical levels in the body, and reproductive functions
I.e - thyroid, thyus, pancreas, kidney, testes, ovaries etc
What is the cardiovascular system?
Heart, and blood vessels
Consists of a pump that moves blood through blood vessels in order to distribute hormones, nutrients. gases, and pick up waste products.
What is the lymphatic system?
Transports and filters lymph (interstitial fluid)
Initiates an immune response when necessary
i.e spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus etc
What is the respiratory system?
Includes nose/nasal cavity to the lungs
Responsible for exchange of gases between blood and the air in the lungs
What is the digestive system?
Mechanically and chemically digests food materials; absorbs nutrients; expels waste products
mouth ->pharynx->esophagus ->liver,stomach, large intestine, small intestine
What is the Urinary system?
Filters the blood and removes waste products from the blood
Concentrates waste products in the form of urine, and expels uring from the body
Kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
What is the Male reproductive system?
Produces male sex cells and male hormones like testosterone. Transfers sperm to the female
What is the female reproductive system?
Produces female sex cells (oocytes) and female hormones like estrogen and progesterone
Site of fertilization
What are the two main regions the body is partitioned into?
Axial region - includes the head, neck, and trunk (vertical)
Appendicular region - limbs
What is anatomical position?
Specific body position in which an individual stands upright with the feet parallel and flat on the floor
Head is level and eyes look forward
Arms are at either side of the body, palms facing forward and thumbs pointing away from body
What is a plane?
Imaginary surface that “slices” the body into specific sections
What are the three major anatomic planes of reference?
Coronal, transverse, and sagittal
What is the coronal plane?
Vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts
What is a sagittal plane?
When the plane is in the middle it can also be called median plane. It extends through the body or organ vertically and divides the structure into right and left halves
What is a transverse plane?
Also can be called cross-sectional plane or horizontal plane
Cuts perpendicularly along the long axis of the body or organ separating it into both superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts
What is a parasagittal plane?
Plane that is parallel to the midsagittal plane but either to the left or the right of it
What are the two terms that are relative to the front (belly) side of the body?
Anterior = toward the front surface Ventral = at the belly side of the human body
What are the two terms that are relative to the back of the body?
Posterior = toward the back surface Dorsal = at the back side of body
What are two terms that mean towards the head?
Superior and Cranial
What are the two terms for towards the feet?
Inferior and caudal
What is the term for towards the midline of the body?
Medial
What is the term for away from the midline of the body?
Lateral
What is the term for on the inside, underneath another structure?
Deep
What is the term for on the outside?
Superficial
Relative to point of attachment of the appendage, what is the term for closest to point of attachment to trunk?
Proximal
What is furthest from point of attachment to trunk?
Distal
What two enclosed cavities does the posterior aspect of the body have?
Cranial cavity - Formed by the cranium and houses the brain
Vertebral Canal - Formed by the individual bones of the vertebral column and contains the spinal cord
What lines the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?
Thin serous membranes
What are the two layers the thin serous membrane is composed of?
Parietal layer - lines the internal surface of the body wall
Visceral layer - covers the external surface of organs (viscera) within the cavity
What is between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous membrane?
Then serous cavity containing a lubricating film of serous fluid.
What is the purpose of serous fluid?
Reduces friction and helps the organs move smoothly against both one another and the body wall.
What is the median space in the thoracic cavity?
Mediastinum
What does the mediastinum contain?
Heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels that connect to the heart.
What membrane is the heart enclosed in?
Two - layered serous membrane called the pericardium
What membrane lines the lungs?
Two - layered serous membrane called the pleura
Outer layer - parietal pleura
Inner layer - Visceral pleura
Potential space - narrow, moist - called pleural cavity
What is the peritoneum?
Moist, two - layered serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity
What are the 9 smaller imaginary compartments the abdominopelvic cavity is partitioned into?
Right hypochondriac region, Epigastric region, Left hypochondriac region
Right lumbar region, umbilical region, left lumbar region
Right iliac region, hypogastric region, left iliac region
