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Clinical Lab > Introduction to Hematology > Flashcards

Introduction to Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

Cytokines

A

Proteins that are involved in cell-to-cell communication and control stem cell differentiation into specific cell types.

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2
Q

Proteins that are involved in cell-to-cell communication and control stem cell differentiation into specific cell types.

A

Cytokines

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3
Q

Erythropoietin

A

A cytokine that influences stem cells to develop into red blood cells (erythrocytes)

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4
Q

A cytokine that influences stem cells to develop into red blood cells (erythrocytes)

A

Erythropoietin

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5
Q

Blasts

A

These blood cells are in an immature stage of development; they are between the stem cell stage and the fully-differentiated stage.

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6
Q

These cells should only be found in the bone marrow and not in the circulating blood. If they are found in the circulating blood, a malignancy is likely.

A

Blasts

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7
Q

These blood cells are in an immature stage of development; they are between the stem cell stage and the fully-differentiated stage.

A

Blasts

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8
Q

White blod cells (leukocytes)

A

Many types. Granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes.

  • Granulocytes can further be divided into: neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils
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9
Q

Granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes are examples of what cell type?

A

Leukocytes

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10
Q

Innate Immune Response

A

This is how granulocytes respond to foreign cells. It includes the complement cascade which involves >30 proteins that act in sequence to neutralize, attract, enhance, kill, etc.

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11
Q

This is an inborn, non-specific response that does not arise from a previous infection and has no memory.

A

Innate Immunity

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12
Q

This is how granulocytes respond to foreign cells.

A

Innate Immunity

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13
Q

Adaptive Immune Response

(Acquired immunity)

A

This is how lymphocytes respond to foreign substances. It involves a method of learning and remembering specific antigens.

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14
Q

This is how lymphocytes respond to foreign substances. It involves a method of learning and remembering specific antigens.

A

Adaptive Immune Response

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15
Q

Anemia

A

Low red blood cell count and/or low hemoglobin and hematocrit. Caused by decreas in production, increase in destruction, or blood loss.

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16
Q

Low red blood cell count and/or low hemoglobin and hematocrit. Caused by decreas in production, increase in destruction, or blood loss.

A

Anemia

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17
Q

Reticulocyte Count

A

Lab value that measures immature erythrocytes/RBCs and is used to determine bone marrow activity.

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18
Q

Lab value that measures immature erythrocytes/RBCs and is used to determine bone marrow activity.

A

Reticulocyte Count

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19
Q

Mean Corpuscular Volume

A

Lab value that reflects the average size of the RBC’s. It is derived from a ratio of packed RBC’s to total RBC’s.

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20
Q

Lab value that reflects the average size of the RBC’s. It is derived from a ratio of packed RBC’s to total RBC’s.

A

Mean Corpuscular Volume

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21
Q

Normocytic

A

RBCs are average size, usually expressed through low Mean Corpuscular Volume

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22
Q

RBCs are average size, usually expressed through low Mean Corpuscular Volume

A

Normocytic

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23
Q

Microcytic

A

Small RBCs, usually expressed through a low mean corpuscular volume.

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24
Q

Small RBCs, usually expressed through a low mean corpuscular volume.

A

Microcytic

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25
Q

Macrocytic

A

Large RBCs; usually expressed through a high mean corpuscular volume.

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26
Q

Large RBCs; usually expressed through a high mean corpuscular volume.

A

Macrocytic

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27
Q

Normochromic

A

A RBC having the normal color due to adequate hemoglobin, usually expressed through normal mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration.

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28
Q

A RBC having the normal color due to adequate hemoglobin, usually expressed through normal mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration.

A

Normochromic

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29
Q

Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration

A

Lab value that estimates the hemoglobin concentration. Not as helpful as mean corpuscular volume.

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30
Q

Lab value that estimates the hemoglobin concentration. Not as helpful as mean corpuscular volume.

A

Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration

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31
Q

Ferritin Level

A

A lab test that is used to determine available iron stores in the body.

  • Ferritin level can be influenced by inflammation
  • If necessary, a TfR/Transferritin Receptor Assay can be ordered, which is not influenced by inflammation but is expensive.
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32
Q

A lab test that is used to determine available iron stores in the body.

A

Ferritin Level

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33
Q

Hemoglobin

A

A protein-iron compound in erythrocytes that carries oxygen and carbon dioxide. There are many different types of hemoglobin; infants have Hb F; most adults have Hb A one.

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34
Q

A protein-iron compound in erythrocytes that carries oxygen and carbon dioxide.

A

Hemoglobin

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35
Q

Hemoglobinopathy

A

A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural variations of the hemoglobin molecule. For example, Hb S, seen in sickle cell patients.

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36
Q

A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural variations of the hemoglobin molecule.

A

Hemoglobinopathy

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37
Q

Hemoglobin Electrophoresis

A

Lab test that identifies hemoglobin type.

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38
Q

Lab test that identifies hemoglobin type.

A

Hemoglobin electrophoresis

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39
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia

A

A hemoglobinopathy that occurs in people homozygous for Hb S resulting in distorted and fragile RBCs.

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40
Q

A hemoglobinopathy that occurs in people homozygous for Hb S resulting in distorted and fragile RBCs.

A

Sickle Cell Anemia

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41
Q

Aplastic Anemia

A

Anemia due to decreased RBC production. Usually seen with pancytopenia (all blood elements are low) and results from failure of bone marrow to generate new cells.

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42
Q

Anemia due to decreased RBC production. Usually seen with pancytopenia (all blood elements are low) and results from failure of bone marrow to generate new cells.

A

Aplastic Anemia

43
Q

Hemolysis

A

Break down or destruction of RBCs.

44
Q

Break down or destruction of RBCs.

A

Hemolysis

45
Q

Hemolytic Anemia

A

A disorder involving a premature destruction of RBCs. Causes can be an inherited defect in RBCs, or non-inherited causes such as an immune disorder.

  • G6PD is one type of hemolytic anemia, that occurs episodically.
46
Q

A disorder involving a premature destruction of RBCs. Causes can be an inherited defect in RBCs, or non-inherited causes such as an immune disorder.

A

Hemolytic Anemia

47
Q

Iron Deficiency

A

Inadequate iron supply for normal hemoglobin synthesis. My result from poor diet, poor absorption, or chronic bleeding.

48
Q

Inadequate iron supply for normal hemoglobin synthesis. My result from poor diet, poor absorption, or chronic bleeding.

A

Iron Deficiency

49
Q

Thalassemia

A

An inherited hemolytic hemoglobinopathy caused by deficient synthesis of hemoglobin polypeptide side chains. Classified according to which chain is involved, resulting in two major categories of alpha-thalassemia or beta-thalassemia.

  • Beta-thalassemia can be major (homozygous form with severe symtoms) or minor (heterozygous form with mild symptoms)
50
Q

An inherited hemolytic hemoglobinopathy caused by deficient synthesis of hemoglobin polypeptide side chains.

A

Thalassemia

51
Q

Sideroblastic Anemia

A

A group of disorders that have reduced hemoglobin synthesis resulting in iron accumulation in the mitochondria of erythroblasts.

52
Q

A group of disorders that have reduced hemoglobin synthesis resulting in iron accumulation in the mitochondria of erythroblasts.

A

Sideroblastic Anemia

53
Q

Erythroblasts

A

Erythrocytes that are not fully developed and are still in the bone marrow; they contain nuclei and mitochondria; which are not found in mature erythrocytes.

54
Q

Erythrocytes that are not fully developed and are still in the bone marrow; they contain nuclei and mitochondria; which are not found in mature erythrocytes.

A

Erythroblasts

55
Q

Sideroblast

A

Erythrocytes with iron deposits that are found in the bone marrow of patients with sideroblastic anemia. Causes vary, but include chronic alcoholism and lead poisoning.

56
Q

Megablastic Anemia

A

Characterized by abnormal production of large, immature and dysfunctional erythrocytes. Includes B12 and folate deficiencies.

57
Q

Characterized by abnormal production of large, immature and dysfunctional erythrocytes. Includes B12 and folate deficiencies.

A

Megablastic Anemia

58
Q

Coagulation Cascade

A

The series of steps that ultimately leads to the formation of a clot. Each step requires activation of an enzyme (factor) before the next step can proceed. Initial activation is usually through either the intrinsic or extrinsic pathways.

59
Q

The series of steps that ultimately leads to the formation of a clot.

A

Coagulation Cascade

60
Q

Thrombin

A

The end result of the coagulation cascade. It can activate both fibrinogen (leading to clot formation) and plasminogen (leading to inhibition of clot formation).

61
Q

The end result of the coagulation cascade. It can activate both fibrinogen (leading to clot formation) and plasminogen (leading to inhibition of clot formation).

A

Thrombin

62
Q

Prothrombin Time (PT) and (INR)

A

Detects deficiencies in the extrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade.

63
Q

Detects deficiencies in the extrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade.

A

Prothrombin Time and INR

64
Q

Activation Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT)

A

Detects deficiencies in the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade.

65
Q

Detects deficiencies in the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade.

A

Activation Partial Thromboplastin Time

66
Q

Bleeding Time

A

Lab test to determine platelet function.

  • This is being phased out.
67
Q

Lab test to determine platelet function.

A

Bleeding Time

68
Q

D-dimer

A

A lab test that screens for venous thrombosis.

69
Q

A lab test that screens for venous thrombosis.

A

D-dimer

70
Q

Factor VIII Disorders

A

Lacking a factor from the intrinsic pathway. Also known as hemophilia A and von Willebrand’s diseases. Patients with VW will also test low for von Willebrand factor.

  • Hemophilia A is X-linked recessive, leading to affected males and carrier females.
  • Von Willebrand occurs in both males and females.
71
Q

Lacking a factor from the intrinsic pathway. Also known as hemophilia A and von Willebrand’s diseases.

A

Factor VIII Disorders

72
Q

Factor IX Disorders

A

Lacking a factor from the intrinsic pathway. Also known as Hemophilia B.

  • X-linked
73
Q

Lacking a factor from the intrinsic pathway. Also known as Hemophilia B.

A

Factor IX Disorder

74
Q

Factor XI Disorders

A

Lacking a factor from the intrinsic pathway. Also known as Hemophilia C.

75
Q

Lacking a factor from the intrinsic pathway. Also known as Hemophilia C.

A

Factor XI Disorder

76
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

A decrease in platelet number as a result of decreased production, increased destruction or consumption, or splenomegaly.

77
Q

A decrease in platelet number as a result of decreased production, increased destruction or consumption, or splenomegaly.

A

Thrombocytopenia

78
Q

Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia Purpura

A

A deficiency of platelets that results in bleeding into the skin and other organs (purpura). May be either acute or chronic. Easy bruising and mucosal bleeding.

79
Q

A deficiency of platelets that results in bleeding into the skin and other organs (purpura). May be either acute or chronic. Easy bruising and mucosal bleeding.

A

Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia Purpura

80
Q

Thrombophilias

A

Inherited hypercoaguable blood disorders.

81
Q

Inherited hypercoaguable blood disorders.

A

Thrombophilias

82
Q

Lymphocytic Leukemia

A

A malignant disease where the bone marrow is replaced with proliferating leukocyte precursors, sepcifically involving lymphocytes.

83
Q

A malignant disease where the bone marrow is replaced with proliferating leukocyte precursors, sepcifically involving lymphocytes.

A

Lymphocytic Leukemia

84
Q

Myelogenous / Myeloid Leukemia

A

A type of leukemia with specific chromosomal abnormality, the Philadelphia chromosome, which is a translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22, and results in the fusion gene bcr/abl. Starts out chronic, becomes acute.

85
Q

A type of leukemia with specific chromosomal abnormality, the Philadelphia chromosome, which is a translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22, and results in the fusion gene bcr/abl.

A

Myelogenous / Myeloid Leukemia

86
Q

Lymphoma

A

A neoplastic disease involving lymphocytes and the lymphatic system. Two major classifications are Non-Hodgkin lymphomas and Hodgkin lymphomas.

87
Q

A neoplastic disease involving lymphocytes and the lymphatic system.

A

Lymphoma

88
Q

Multiple Myeloma

A

Neoplastic disease where bone marrow is replaced with plasma cells (lymphocyte-like cell involved in immune function). Bone pain is common, often in lower back.

89
Q

Neoplastic disease where bone marrow is replaced with plasma cells (lymphocyte-like cell involved in immune function). Bone pain is common, often in lower back.

A

Multiple Myeloma

90
Q

Immunohematology

A

The study of blood cell reactions for the therapeutic replacement of blood. Principles of immunohematology are used in blood banks.

91
Q

The study of blood cell reactions for the therapeutic replacement of blood. Principles are used in blood banks.

A

Immunohematology

92
Q

Blood Bank

A

Responsible for collecting, storing, and processing blood for transfusions, as well as providing patient compatible transfusions with the hope of preventing a transfusion reaction.

93
Q

Responsible for collecting, storing, and processing blood for transfusions, as well as providing patient compatible transfusions with the hope of preventing a transfusion reaction.

A

Blood Bank

94
Q

Transfusion Components

A

Blood transfusions may involve whole blood, plasma only, packed RBCs, cryoprecipitates, or platelets only.

95
Q

Plasma

A

Fluid portion of blood without cellular elements; it contains all coagulation factors.

96
Q

Fluid portion of blood without cellular elements; it contains all coagulation factors.

A

Plasma

97
Q

Cryoprecipitates

A

A transfusion component that is prepared by thawing fresh frozen plasma and collecting the precipitate. High in factor VIII and fibrinogen. Used in massive hemorrhage.

98
Q

A transfusion component that is prepared by thawing fresh frozen plasma and collecting the precipitate. High in factor VIII and fibrinogen. Used in massive hemorrhage.

A

Cryoprecipitate

99
Q

Transfusion Complications

A

Can be categorized as acute (within 24 hours), or delayed, and infectious or non-infectious. The most common fatal complication is Transfusion Related Acute Lung Injury (TRALI) where antibodies in the transfusion activate the recipient’s immune system and trigger non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema.

100
Q

Antibodies in the transfusion activate the recipient’s immune system and trigger non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema.

A

Transfusion Related Acute Lung Injury

TRALI

101
Q

Transfusion Related Acute Lung Injury

A

Antibodies in the transfusion activate the recipient’s immune system and trigger non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema.

102
Q

Umbilical Cord Blood

A

Parents can donate their infants cord blood for stem cell transplants to treat oncologic, genetic, hematologic, and immunodeficiency disorders.

103
Q

Parents can donate this for stem cell transplants to treat oncologic, genetic, hematologic, and immunodeficiency disorders.

A

Umbilical Cord Blood

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