Introduction to Health and Social Care for Rehabilitative Sciences

Question 1

What is Health?

Answer 1

WHO definition:

• “A state of a complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”

Occupational definition:

• Capacity to engage in various activities, fulfill roles, and meet daily life demands
• Able to deal with unfortunate circumstances and how he/she will handles a situation

Question 2

What are Well-being and Wellness?

Answer 2

WELL-BEING

• A subjective perception of vitality and feeling well
• Encompasses feelings about physical, mental, and social health
• It is the satisfaction of one’s own sense of health

WELLNESS

• An active pursuit that is associated with intentions, choices and actions as we work toward an optimal state of health and wellbeing
• A state of well-being.
• Basic aspects of wellness include self-responsibility; an ultimate goal; a dynamic, growing process; daily decision making in the areas of nutrition, stress management, physical fitness, preventive health care, and emotional health; and, most importantly, the whole being of the individual

Question 3

• Component of wellness: The ability to promote health measures that improve the standard of living and quality of life in the community. This includes influences such as food, water, and air.
• Refers to physical environments
• Talks about the availability of resources to the individual

Answer 3

Environmental

Question 4

• Component of wellness
• Interaction of the person and the people around them;
• Friendship and family offer social supports
• If you are able to interact with people around you or reciprocate interactions in an appropriate manner, it means that you are well
• Maintaining and developing friendship and social networks; the ability to create boundaries within relationships that encourage communication, trust and conflict management; Also the ability to be who you are in all situations while doing diversity and treating others with respect

Answer 4

Social

Question 5

• Component of wellness: involves the ability to recognize, accept, and express feelings and to accept one’s limitations.
• It’s the ability to express how you feel appropriately, whether these involve positive or negative emotions
• Emotional regulation; When they can recognize their mood and how they can project it in a healthy way, where the other people can relate to them

Answer 5

Emotional

Question 6

• Component of wellness: The ability to carry out daily tasks, achieve fitness (e.g., pulmonary, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal), maintain adequate nutrition and proper body fat, avoid abusing drugs and alcohol or using tobacco products, and generally practice positive healthy lifestyle habits.
• Most outwardly obvious component; involves measurable factors such as temperature, heart rate, visible manifestations of stress
• Movement; When you are able to participate in activities that require bodily functions

Answer 6

Physical

Question 7

• Component of wellness: The belief in some force (nature, science, religion, or a higher power) that serves to unite human beings and provide meaning and purpose to life. It includes a person’s own morals, values, and ethics.
• Expanding our purpose and meaning in life by participating in that have deep meaning to the person
• Very subjective and it affects our beliefs and values
• Being able to practice meditation or yoga, praying, taking part in an organized religion, spending time with people we love

Answer 7

Spiritual

Question 8

• Component of wellness: The ability to learn and use information effectively for personal, family, and career development. involves striving for continued growth and learning to deal with new challenges effectively.
• It is not only learning from school, or not just learning but also applying what you learned and also seeing how other people experience that knowledge as well
• Is being open to new ideas (open-mindedness), acquiring knowledge, thinking critically, and finding ways to be creative

Answer 8

Intellectual

Question 9

• Component of wellness
• Ability to balance everything in your life like your relationships, your work, your free time; like you’re able to manage your time and divide yourself for work time for your family, leisure, and play anything else that you do
• The performance of occupations
• Subjective, depends on different individuals, lifestyles, hierarchies of importances

Answer 9

Occupational

Question 10

Triad of health are:

Answer 10

1. Health Status

• State of health; condition of an individual at a given time.
• A report of health status may include anxiety, depression, or acute illness and thus describe the individual’s problem in general.
• Health status can also describe such measurable specifics as pulse rate and body temperature.

2. Health Beliefs

• Concepts about health that an individual believes are true
• Beliefs may be founded on facts or culture
• Example: You say you have a cold but you ignore it because you believe immune system will fight it off

3. Health Behavior

• Influenced by health beliefs
• The actions people take to understand their health state, maintain an optimal state of health, prevent illness and injury, and reach their maximum physical and mental potential.
• Intended to prevent illness or disease or to provide for early detection of disease
• Such as eating wisely, exercising, paying attention to signs of illness, following treatment advice, avoiding known health hazards such as smoking, taking time for rest and relaxation, and managing one’s time effectively.

Question 11

Variables that influence health status, beliefs, behaviors can be _____ or _____

Answer 11

• Internal: They are often described as nonmodifiable variables because, for the most part, they cannot be changed
• External

Question 12

Internal Variables include:

Answer 12

• Biologic dimension
• Cognitive dimension
• Psychological dimension

Question 13

Under the Biologic dimension are:

Answer 13

1. Genetic makeup:

• influences biologic characteristics, innate temperament, activity level, and intellectual potential.
• It has been related to susceptibility to specific disease

2. Sex

• influences the distribution of disease.
• Certain acquired and genetic diseases are more common in one sex than in the other

3. Age

• The distribution of disease varies with age
• Younger people can prevent/resist diseases more; older people are more susceptible

4. Developmental Level

• Stage of development can impact health status
• Can be controlled if there is a motivational aspect depending on what stage in life you are in

Question 14

Under the Psychological dimension are:

Answer 14

1. Mind-body interactions

• Mind’s ability to direct body functioning
• Emotional responses to stress affect body function, and may increase susceptibility to organic disease or precipitate it
• Eg: A person worried about the outcome of surgery or about the behavior of a teenager may chain-smoke.

2. Self-concept

• How a person feels about self (self-esteem) and perceives the physical self (body image), needs, roles, and abilities.
• Self-concept affects how people view and handle situations.
• Such attitudes can affect health practices, responses to stress and illness, and the times when treatment is sought.
• Eg: A woman with anorexia who deprives herself of needed nutrients because she believes she is too fat even though she is well below an acceptable weight level.

Question 15

Under the Cognitive dimension are:

Answer 15

1. Lifestyle

• behaviors and activities over which people have control.
• Lifestyle choices may have positive or negative effects on health.
• Practices that have potentially negative effects on health are often referred to as risk factors.

2. Spiritual & religious beliefs

• can influence our conscious actions

Question 16

External variables include:

Answer 16

1. Environment

• Geographic location, climate, pollution, man-made substances, radiation, UV rays, greenhouse effect, pesticides, chemicals, and many more

2. Standards of living

• Hygiene, food habits, and the ability to seek health care advice and follow health regimens vary among high-income and low-income groups.
• The environmental conditions of impoverished areas have a bearing on overall health.
• High-pressure social or occupational roles also predispose people to certain illnesses.

3. Family & Cultural Beliefs

• The family passes on patterns of daily living and lifestyles to offspring
• Culture and social interactions also influence how a person perceives, experiences, and copes with health and illness.
• Each culture has ideas about health, and these are often transmitted from parents to children.

4. Social Support Networks

• Having a support network (family, friends, or a confidant) and job satisfaction helps people avoid illness.
• People with inadequate support networks sometimes allow themselves to become increasingly ill before confirming the illness and seeking therapy.

Question 17

Rosenstock and Becker’s health belief model is based on the assumption that health-related action depends on the simultaneous occurrence of three factors:

Answer 17

1. Sufficient motivation to make health issues be viewed as important
2. Belief that one is vulnerable to a serious health problem or its consequences
3. Belief that following a particular health recommendation would be beneficial

Question 18

The model includes:

Answer 18

1. Individual Perceptions
2. Modifying Factors
3. Likelihood of Action

Question 19

Individual perceptions include the following:

Answer 19

• Perceived Susceptibility:

A family history of a certain disorder, such as diabetes or heart disease, may make the individual feel at increased risk. Awareness of personal high-risk lifestyle behaviors also increases perceived susceptibility.

• Perceived Seriousness:

In the perception of the individual, does the illness cause death or have serious consequences? For example, concern about the spread of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) reflects the general public’s perception of the seriousness of this illness.

• Perceived Threat:

Perceived susceptibility and perceived seriousness combine to determine the total perceived threat of an illness to a specific individual.

Question 20

Factors that modify a person’s perceptions include the following

Answer 20

• Demographic variables.

Demographic variables include age, sex, race, and ethnicity. Demograpgic they belong to

An infant, for example, does not perceive the importance of a healthy diet; an adolescent may perceive peer approval as more important than family approval and as a consequence may participate in hazardous activities or adopt unhealthy eating and sleeping patterns.

• Sociopsychological variables

Social pressure or influence from peers or other reference groups (e.g., self-help or vocational groups) may encourage preventive health behaviors even when individual motivation is low. Expectations of others may motivate people, for example, not to drive an automobile after drinking alcohol.

• Structural variables

Foundations; Knowledge about the target disease and prior contact with it are structural variables that are presumed to influence preventive behavior

• Cues to action

Cues can be either internal or external. Internal cues include feelings of fatigue, uncomfortable symptoms, or thoughts about the condition of an ill person who is close.

Question 21

The likelihood of a person taking recommended preventive health action depends on the:

Answer 21

• Perceived benefits of the action

Examples include that in order to prevent lung cancer one refrains from smoking, and to maintain weight, one eats nutritious foods and avoids snacking.

• Perceived barriers to action:

Examples include cost, inconvenience, unpleasantness, and lifestyle changes.

Question 22

What is Illness?

Answer 22

• A highly personal state in which the person’s physical, emotional, intellectual, social, developmental, or spiritual functioning is thought to be diminished
• Highly subjective; only the individual person can say he or she is ill.
• An individual could have a disease and not feel ill. Similarly a person can feel ill, that is, feel uncomfortable, and yet have no discernible disease.

Question 23

What is Disease?

Answer 23

• An alteration in body functions resulting in a reduction of capacities or a shortening of life span.
• Truly diagnosed

Question 24

• The causation of a disease or condition
• It includes the identification of all causal factors that act together to bring about the particular disease

Answer 24

Etiology

Question 25

Two classifications of illness:

Answer 25

1. Acute illness

• Eg: colds
• characterized by symptoms of relatively short duration
• appear abruptly and subside quickly
• depending on the cause, may or may not require intervention by health care professionals

2. Chronic illness

• Eg: arthritis, heart and lung diseases, and diabetes mellitus
• lasts for an extended period, usually 6 months or longer, and often for the person’s life

Question 26

Chronic illnesses usually have a slow onset and often have periods of _____ and _____

Answer 26

• Remission, when symptoms disappear (but you still have it)
• Exacerbation, when the symptoms reappear or worsen

Question 27

• Coping mechanism when becoming ill
• Involves ways individuals describe, monitor, and interpret their symptoms, take remedial actions, and use the health care system
• Highly individualized and affected by many variables

Answer 27

Illness behaviors

Question 28

Rights of a Sick Person:

Answer 28

1. Clients are not held responsible for their condition.

Even if the illness was partially caused by an individual’s behavior (e.g., lung cancer from smoking), the individual is not capable of reversing the condition on his or her own.

2. Clients are excused from certain social roles and tasks.

For example, an ill parent would not be expected to prepare meals for the family.

Question 29

Obligations of a Sick Person:

Answer 29

1. Clients are obliged to try to get well as quickly as possible.

The ill person should follow legitimate advice regarding a specialized diet or activity restrictions that could help with recovery.

2. Clients or their families are obliged to seek competent help.

For example, the ill person should contact the primary care provider rather than relying solely on his or her own ideas of how to recover.

Question 30

Stage 1 of Illness:

Answer 30

STAGE 1: SYMPTOM EXPERIENCES

• At this stage the person comes to believe something is wrong. Either someone significant mentions that the person looks unwell, or the person experiences some symptoms such as pain, rash, cough, fever, or bleeding.
• At this stage the sick person may try home remedies. If self-management is ineffective, the individual enters the next stage.

Question 31

Stage 1 has three aspects:

Answer 31

• The physical experience of symptoms
• The cognitive aspect (the interpretation of the symptoms in terms that have some meaning to the person)
• The emotional response (e.g., fear or anxiety)

Question 32

Stage 2 of Illness:

Answer 32

STAGE 2: ASSUMPTION OF THE SICK ROLE

• The individual now accepts the sick role and seeks confirmation from family and friends.
• Often people continue with self-treatment and delay contact with health care professionals as long as possible.
• During this stage people may be excused from normal duties and role expectations

Question 33

Stage 3 of Illness:

Answer 33

STAGE 3: MEDICAL CARE CONTACT

• Sick people seek the advice of a health professional either on their own initiative or at the urging of significant others.
• Ask about: (1) Validation of real illness, (2) Explanation of the symptoms in understandable terms, (3) Reassurance that they will be all right or prediction of what the outcome will be.
• The client may accept or deny the diagnosis

Question 34

Stage 4 of Illness:

Answer 34

STAGE 4: DEPENDENT CLIENT ROLE

• After accepting the illness and seeking treatment, the client becomes dependent on the professional for help.
• People vary greatly in the degree of ease with which they can give up their independence

Most people accept their dependence on the primary care provider, although they retain varying degrees of control over their own lives. For some clients, illness may meet dependence needs that have never been met and thus provide satisfaction. Other people have minimal dependence needs and do everything possible to return to independent functioning. A few may even try to maintain independence to the detriment of their recovery.

Question 35

Stage 5 of Illness:

Answer 35

STAGE 5: RECOVERY OR REHABILITATION

• During this stage the client is expected to relinquish the dependent role and resume former roles and responsibilities.
• For people with acute illness, the time as an ill person is generally short and recovery is usually rapid.
• People who have long-term illnesses and must adjust their lifestyles may find recovery more difficult.
• For clients with a permanent disability, this final stage may require therapy to learn how to make major adjustments in functioning.

Question 36

Illness Impacts on the Client:

Answer 36

• Behavioral & emotional changes
• Body image
• Changes in self-concept
• Lifestyle changes
• Loss of autonomy

Question 37

Help clients adjust their lifestyle by these means:

Answer 37

• Provide explanations about necessary adjustments.
• Make arrangements wherever possible to accommodate the client’s lifestyle.
• Encourage other health professionals to become aware of the person’s lifestyle practices and to support healthy aspects of that lifestyle.
• Reinforce desirable changes in practices with a view to making them a permanent part of the client’s lifestyle.

Question 38

Factors that determine Impact on Family:

Answer 38

1. the member of the family who is ill
2. the seriousness and length of the illness
3. the cultural and social customs the family follow

Question 39

The changes that can occur in the family due to illness include the following:

Answer 39

• Role changes
• Task reassignments and increased demands on time
• Increased stress due to anxiety about the outcome of the illness for the client and conflict about unaccustomed responsibilities
• Financial problems
• Loneliness as a result of separation and pending loss
• Change in social customs

Question 40

2 kinds of client interventions:

Answer 40

1 **Remedial

• Focuses on the restoration of a lost function
• Simply put, this approach targets improving underlying impairments
• Ex: targeting the strength of an affected upper limb after a stroke.

2. Compensatory

• The compensatory approach involves compensation for the lost function.
• It involves learning adaptive, compensatory methods to perform a task.
• The compensatory approach is often used when the remedial approach has been attempted but unfortunately, function has not been restored