Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Haematology and Immunology > Introduction to Haematology > Flashcards

Introduction to Haematology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main components of blood?

A

Red blood cells
Plasma
Buffy coat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What blood products are found in the plasma?

A

Clotting/coagulation factors
Antibodies
Albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What blood products are found in the buffy coat?

A

Platelets

White cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the main functions of blood?

A

Transport- gases in red cells, nutrients, waste and messages in plasma
Maintenance of vascular integrity- prevention of leaks (platelets and clotting factors), prevention of blockages (anticoagulants and fibrinolytics)
Protection from pathogens (phagocytosis, antigen recognition)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the main characteristics of stem cells?

A
  • Totipotent
  • Self-renewal
  • Home to marrow niche (specifically Cxcr4 (antagonist plerixafor))
  • Binary fission and flux through differentiation pathways amplify numbers
  • Flux regulated by hormones / growth factors (Some used therapeutically (erythropoietin, g-csf, thrombopoietin agonists))
  • Stem cell properties can now be ‘induced’
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where is bone marrow present?

A

In almost all bones in children
Regresses with age
Mainly just axial skeleton in elderly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the stages in erythroid differentiation?

A

Erythroblasts
Released into circulation as reticulocytes
Mature to erythrocytes after 24hrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What hormone drives the production of reticulocytes, where is it made and what is it released in response to?

A

Erythropoietin

Released from kidneys in response to hypoxia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How are platelets made?

A

Budded off from megakaryocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the functions of platelets?

A

Main role is haemostasis

Small role in immune function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What hormone regulates production of platelets? Where is it produced?

A

Thrombopoietin

Produced in the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is an excess and deficit of platelets known as?

A

Excess- thrombocytosis

Deficit- thrombocytopenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

To ingest and destroy pathogens, especially bacteria and fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the steps in differentiation of neutrophils?

A
  1. Blast
  2. Promyelocyte
  3. Myelocyte
  4. Metamyelocyte
  5. Neutrophil
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a deficiency of neutrophils known as?

A

Neutropenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do myeloid cells differentiate?

A

A subset of monocytes migrate into tissues and become either macrophages or dendritic cells

17
Q

What are the names of the less common myeloid cells?

A

Eosinophils

Basophils

18
Q

What is an excess and deficit of lymphocytes known as?

A

Excess- lymphocytosis

Deficit- lymphopenia

19
Q

What are the subtypes of lymphocytes?

A
  1. B cells– make antibodies (mature in bone marrow)
  2. T cells – Helper, cytotoxic, regulatory (mature in thymus)
  3. Natural killer cells
20
Q

How does differentiation of lymphocytes occur?

A

Differentiation of lymphocytes into effector cells occur in the secondary lymphoid organs (lymph nodes or mucosal associated lymphoid tissue)

21
Q

What is the function of an antibody?

A

To act as an adaptor between pathogens and clearance systems, which is known as opsonisation

22
Q

How does positive and negative selection of B cells occur?

A

Positive and negative selection of B cells occurs in the bone marrow. if gene rearrangement results in a functional receptor the cell is selected to survive – positive selection. If the receptor recognises ‘self’ antigens - the cell is triggered to die – negative selection. B cells that have been positively selected are exported to the periphery

23
Q

What are the two classes of human leukocyte antigens?

A

Class I: displays internal antigens on all nucleated cells

Class II: displays antigens eaten by professional antigen presenting cells

24
Q

What is the normal range for haemoglobin in males?

A

135-170 g/L

25
Q

What is the normal range for haemoglobin in females?

A

120-160 g/L

26
Q

What is the normal range for platelets?

A

150-400 10^9/L

27
Q

What is the normal range for WBC?

A

4-10 10^9/L

Haematology and Immunology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions