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Haematology > Introduction to Haematology > Flashcards

Introduction to Haematology Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood?

A

A specialised fluid composed of cells suspended in a liquid

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2
Q

What is the liquid that blood cells are suspended in?

A

Plasma

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3
Q

Name the 3 different cells found in blood.

A
  • Red blood cells
  • White blood cells
  • Platelets
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4
Q

Name the 3 main functions of blood.

A
  • Fight infection
  • Transport oxygen
  • Prevent bleeding
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5
Q

Haemopoiesis/Haematopoiesis is the ….?

A

Production of blood cells

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6
Q

What are blood cells derived from?

A

A relatively small pool of pluripotent stem cells capable of making all the different types of blood cells

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7
Q

What are pluripotent stem cells?

A

An immature stem cell which is capable of giving rise to several different cell types

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8
Q

In the embryo, where does haematopoiesis occur?

A
  • Yolk sac then liver then marrow

* 3rd to 7th month – spleen

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9
Q

At birth, where does haematopoiesis occur?

A

Mostly bone marrow, liver and spleen when needed

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10
Q

Between birth and maturity, where does haematopoiesis occur?

A

Number of actives sites in bone marrow decreases but retain ability for haematopoiesis

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11
Q

When bone marrow stops making blood cells, what organ takes over?

A

The spleen takes over

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12
Q

As an adult, where does most haemoatopoiesis occur?

A

Bone marrow of skull, ribs sternum, pelvis, proximal ends of femur

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13
Q

Where, in the skeleton, is most bone marrow found?

A

Axial skeleton

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14
Q

Via what 2 processes do stem cells make blood?

A

Proliferation + Differentiation

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15
Q

Describe the differentiation stage in the development of blood cells from stem cells.

A

Development of the features of the specialised end cell population from stem cell

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16
Q

To be a stem cell, what must a cell be able to do?

A

Self-renew

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17
Q

Outline the process of maturation of a neutrophil.

A
  1. Myeloblast
  2. Promyelocyte
  3. Metamyelocyte forms
  4. Band forms
  5. Neutrophils (in blood)
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18
Q

What is smaller, a daughter cell or a parent cell?

A

Daughter cell

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19
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A

Production of red blood cells

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20
Q

What is a Pronormoblast?

A

The first cell in the production of a RBC

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21
Q

What is a Reticulocyte?

A

The second last cell in the development on an RBC which is the first found in the circulation and not the bone marrow

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22
Q

A reticulocyte loses some volume and the minor remnants of RNA degrade for it to become a mature red cell/erythrocyte

A

TRUE

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23
Q

What is a Megakaryocyte?

A

A big cell with lots of nuclei in it (never seen in the blood stream as they are too big)

Instead of the cytoplasm dividing, it remains the same but with lots of nuclei

24
Q

Name the 2 main roles of RBC’s.

A
  • Carry oxygen

* Other roles e.g buffer CO2

25
Q

What is the main function of platelets?

A

To stop bleeding

26
Q

What are the 2 main functions of WBC’s?

A
  • Fight infection

* Others e.g. cancer prevention

27
Q

What are granulocytes?

A

A category of white blood cell characterised by granules in the cytoplasm

28
Q

How can granules in granulocytes be seen?

A

Light microscopy

29
Q

What are granulocytes named according to?

A

They are named according to their uptake of stains when originally identified (eosin and basic dyes)

30
Q

What are the 3 main types of granulocyte?

A
  • Eosinophil
  • Basophil
  • Neutrophil
31
Q

Describe the appearance of a neutrophil.

A
  • Segmented nucleus (polymorph)

* Neutral staining granules

32
Q

Outline the main roles of a neutrophil.

A
  • Phagocytose invaders
  • Kill with granule contents and die in the process
  • Attract other cells
33
Q

Neutrophils have a _____ life in circulation

A

SHORT

34
Q

What 3 common events put the body under stress and increase neutrophil count?

A
  • Infection
  • Trauma
  • Infarction
35
Q

Describe the appearance of eosinophils.

A
  • Usually bi-lobed

* Have bright orange/red granules

36
Q

Outline the 2 main roles of eosinophils.

A
  • Fighting parasitic infections

* Hypersensitivity (allergic reactions + conditions such as asthma, atopic rhinitis etc)

37
Q

There are lots of basophils found in the circulation.

A

FALSE - They’re infrequent in the circulation as they are rather redundant

38
Q

Describe the appearance of basophils.

A

Large deep purple granules obscuring the nucleus

39
Q

What are basophils the circulating version of?

A

These are the circulating version of tissue mast cells

40
Q

What do basophils mediate?

A

Mediate hypersensitivity reactions – Fc receptors bind IgE

41
Q

What do the granules of basophils contain?

A

Histamine

42
Q

What is a monocyte?

A

A type of white blood cell – the most common and can be differentiated into a macrophage

43
Q

Describe the appearance of a monocyte?

A
  • Large single nucleus

* Faintly staining granules, often vacuolated

44
Q

Where in the body are monocytes common?

A

Peripheral blood

45
Q

‘Circulate for a week and enter tissues to become macrophages’ - what cell is this?

A

Monocytes

46
Q

Outline the 3 main roles of macrophages.

A
  • Phagocytose invaders – kill them and present to antigen lymphocytes
  • Attract other cells
  • Live longer than neutrophils
47
Q

Describe a mature lymphocyte.

A

Small with a condensed nucleus and rim of cytoplasm

48
Q

Describe an activated lymphocyte.

A

Large with plentiful blue cytoplasm extending round neighbouring red cells on the film, nucleus more ‘open’ structure

49
Q

Outline the 2 main roles of lymphocytes.

A
  • Cognate response to infection – the brains of the immune system
  • There are subtypes of B, T and NK which all have specific functions
50
Q

When would you see an atypical lymphocyte?

A

Intercurrent, often viral, infection (e.g. EBV)

51
Q

What are the 2 main methods for recognising primitive precursors?

A
  • Immunophenotyping

* Bio-assays

52
Q

Describe the process of immunophenotyping.

A

Expression profile of proteins (antigens) on the surface of cells

53
Q

Describe the process of bio-assays.

A

Culture bit of bone marrow in vitro and show lineage of progeny in different growth conditions (done before immunophenotyping was a thing)

54
Q

Is immunophenotyping and bio-assays still done often?

A

No

55
Q

Outline the different ways in which the haemopoietic system can be analysed.

A
  • Look at peripheral blood
  • Look at bone marrow
  • Specialised tests of bone marrow
  • Look at other sites of relevance to blood production e.g. splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, lymphadenopathy
56
Q

Where are common sites for bone marrow aspiration and biopsy?

A

Posterior iliac crests

Haematology (26 decks)

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