Introduction to goniometry and manual muscle testing

Question 1

rationale for goniometry and MMT

Answer 1

1. ability to conduct test, record grade or degree, and interpret findings
2. develop outcomes and goals/evaluate progress
3. modify intervention
4. motivate patient
5. research effectiveness of intervention techniques
6. fabricate orthotic/prosthetic/adaptive equipment

Question 2

degree of error for plastic goniometer

Answer 2

5-7 degrees

Question 3

3 parts of universal goniometer

Answer 3

• body
• stationary arm-proximal segment
• moveable arm-distal segment

Question 4

4 goniometry tools

Answer 4

1. goniometer
2. gravity dependent goniometer/inclinometer
3. electrogoniometer
4. visual exam

Question 5

osteokinematics

Answer 5

1. sagittal plane
   -m-l axis
2. frontal plane
   -a-p axis
3. transverse plane
   -vertical axis
   pt stands in axis looking at plane

Question 6

variations for goniometry ROM

Answer 6

• age
• sex-pathology
• type of assessment
• -PROM, AROM, joint play

Question 7

normal/ physiologic end feel

Answer 7

1. soft: soft tissue approximation
2. firm: muscular, capsular, ligament stretch
3. hard: bone contacting bone

Question 8

pathologic/abnormal end feel

Answer 8

1. soft: occurs sooner or later in ROM or in joint firm or hard
2. firm: occurs sooner or later in ROM or in joint soft or hard
3. hard: occurs sooner or later in ROM, or in joint soft or firm; grating/block
4. empty: no real end feel since end of ROM not reached due to pain or apprehension; no resistance (empty end feel secondary to pain)

Question 9

goniometry documentation

Answer 9

1. right or left
2. type of motion (AROM PROM)
3. motion (flexion, extension, etc)
4. range of motion
5. quality
   - painfree/ful->AROM
   - end feel->PROM
6. position or tool-if different from standard