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Geometrical Optics I > Introduction to Geometrical Optics Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Introduction to Geometrical Optics Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Any object that emits electromagnetic radiation is called what?

A

Source.

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2
Q

How many types of light sources are there?

A

4.

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3
Q

(Point/Extended/Monochromatic/Polychromatic)

Infinitely small or sufficiently far away.

A

Point Souce.

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4
Q

(Point/Extended/Monochromatic/Polychromatic)

Measureable area.

A

Extended Source.

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5
Q

(Point/Extended/Monochromatic/Polychromatic)

Emits EM radiation of a single wavelength or frequency.

A

Monochromatic.

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6
Q

(Point/Extended/Monochromatic/Polychromatic)

Emits EM radiation of several wavelengths or frequencies.

A

Polychromatic.

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7
Q

What is the order of the EM spectrum from longest to shortest wavelength?

A

Radio/TV->Microwaves->IR->Visible light->UV

->X-ray->Gamma ray.

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8
Q

Wavelength is measured in what units?

A

Nanometers. 10^9 nm = 1 m.

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9
Q

Frequency is measured in what units?

A

Hertz (Hz). or s^-1.

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10
Q

What is the relationship between wavelength and frequency?

A

Inverse relationship. Wavelength = 1/frequency.

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11
Q

Visible light spectrum usually falls under what wavelength?

A

10^-7 m.

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12
Q

What has the highest frequency and/or lowest wavelength? Is this dangerous?

A

Gamma Ray. Yes!

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13
Q

What has the lowest frequency and/or highest wavelength? Is this dangerous?

A

Radio/TV. No!

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14
Q

How many colors in visible light? What are the colors from highest to lowest wavelength?

A
  1. ROY G BIV.
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15
Q

Is light colored?

A

No.

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16
Q

True or False: The Wave Theory suggest that light is transmitted by waves.

A

True.

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17
Q

How many parts are there in an EM wave? What are they called? Parallel or perpendicular to each other?

A
  1. Electric and magnetic field variations. Perpendicular.
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18
Q

What is the formula of “speed of light”?

A

C = wavelength X frequency.

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19
Q

What is the speed of light, c, equal to?

A

3 X 10^8 m/s.

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20
Q

When is speed of light fastest?

A

In a vacuum. “Co”.

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21
Q

Light coming from a vacuum and entering a different medium is always slowed down or sped up? What is the speed of light called now? (When it is not in a vacuum).

A

Slowed down. “Cmedium or V”.

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22
Q

True or False: Regardless in what material the light travels, the wavelength remains constant.

A

False. Frequency.

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23
Q

In more dense medium, what happens to wavelength, frequency, and speed of light (v)?

A

W=decreases, F=constant, V=decreases. Opposite for less dense medium, light travels faster so wavelength increases, but again frequency remains the same.

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24
Q

V is usually given in what units?

A

m/s or km/s which is same as m X s^-1 or km X s^-1.

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25
Q

What is the range of visible light?

A

380-780nm (violet to red) or 789-400THz.

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26
Q

How small is light compared to our hair?

A

167 times smaller than the diameter of a hair.

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27
Q

Where does our light come from?

A

The sun!

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28
Q

In the sun’s spectrum, narrow bands of missing wavelengths occur that are called what? (What are key things about this).

A

Fraunhofer Lines. Yellow, sodium absorbs it, D, Fraunhofer D-line, 589.3 nm.

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29
Q

Which radiation will damage the eye most?

A

UVA.

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30
Q

What does geometrical optics look at? They look out how light is propagated, _________ and ___________.

A

Refracted; reflected.

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31
Q

Light is assumed to consist of what?

A

Rays.

32
Q
  1. Light propagates in _____ lines in a ___________ medium.
A

Straight; homogenous.

33
Q
  1. The angle of ________ equals the angle of ________. What law is this?
A

Reflection; incidence; Law of Reflection.

34
Q
  1. The ratio of the _____ of the angle of ________ to the angle of ________ is a constant that depends on the media. What law is this?
A

sine; incidence; refraction; Snellen’s Law.

35
Q
  1. Independent beams of light that intersect each other will (affect/not affect) one another.
A

Not affect.

36
Q

Light travels from what direction?

A

Left to right.

37
Q

True or False: Light has a reversible path.

A

True. (Can go from dense to less dense medium and vice versa).

38
Q

What does chromatic aberration mean?

A

When light of different colors bend differently.

39
Q

How many diopter chromatic aberration do we have in our eyes?

A

2.5D.

40
Q

In geometrical optics, we neglect what two properties?

A

Diffraction, interference.

41
Q

All distance measurements are taken from what starting point?

A

Optical interface.

42
Q

What are three possible choices for an optical interface?

A

Mirror, pinhole, lens.

43
Q

What type of lens causes diverging lines?

A

Plus convex lens.

44
Q

What type of lens causes converging lines?

A

Minus concave lens.

45
Q

Concave mirror causes what type of power? It is related to what type of lens?

A

Converging. Plus lens.

46
Q

Convex mirror causes what type of power? It is related to what type of lens?

A

Diverging. Minus lens.

47
Q

Distance to the right of the optical interface is positive or negative?

A

Positive because it is going in the direction of light.

48
Q

Distance to the left of the optical interface is positive or negative?

A

Negative because it is the opposite direction of light.

49
Q

Angles measured counter-clockwise are positive or negative?

A

Positive.

50
Q

Angles measured clockwise are positive or negative?

A

Negative.

51
Q

What is the most commonly used measurements in geometrical optics?

A

Metric system: 1000 mm = 100 cm = 1 m.

52
Q

Inverse of 1 meter is what?

A

Diopter. (D = 1/m or m^-1)

53
Q

Inverse of diopter represents what?

A

The focal length f (in air).

54
Q

True or False: A parallel ray never becomes a focal ray.

A

False. Always.

55
Q

True or False: A focal ray never becomes a parallel ray.

A

False. Always.

56
Q

True or False: A chief ray may become a parallel ray or a focal ray depending on its deviation.

A

False. A chief ray crosses undeviated. (Straight line).

57
Q

Any substance which interferes with light can be considered as what?

A

Transparent or opaque.

58
Q

What is the optical axis?

A

Normal to optical surface where object and image points are.

59
Q

What is a beam?

A

Sum of all pencils.

60
Q

True or False: Divergent, convergent, parallel refers to beams.

A

False: Refers to pencils.

61
Q

Vergence is expressed in what unit?

A

Diopters.

62
Q

Divergent pencils have positive or negative vergence?

A

Negative.

63
Q

Convergent pencils have positive or negative vergence?

A

Positive.

64
Q

What is the Gaussian Image Equation?

A

L’=L+F (Trying to find image vergence).

65
Q

What does the pinhole camera prove?

A

Proves that light travels in straight lines.

66
Q

In pinhole optics, if the image is upright, it has a ________ size. If the image is inverted, it has a ________ size.

A

Positive; negative.

67
Q

What is the formula of magnification?

A

Image size/object size. or image distance/object distance.

68
Q

Magnification is valid for which three cases?

A

Thin lenses, mirrors, and pinhole camera.

69
Q

What does depth of field mean when it comes to pinholes?

A

If I change object’s position, not necessarily does it lead to a blurry image, just different magnification. (Object side).

70
Q

What is depth of focus when it comes to pinholes.?

A

Distance over which the image screen can be moved without affecting sharpness of the image.
(Image size).

71
Q

Depth of field and focus is very _______ to lens while it is ________ to pinholes.

A

Limited; infinite.

72
Q

What occurs during a point source shadow?

A

A point source creates a geometric shadow when a stop is illuminated.

73
Q

What occurs during an extended source shadow?

A

An extended source illuminates a stop and creates a shadow of two regions; umbra-central dark area, penumbra-varies from dark to light.

74
Q

(Extended only) If the source is larger than the stop when the screen moved away, what happens to the colors?

A

Umbra shrinks, penumbra increases in diameter.

75
Q

(Extended only) If the source is smaller than the stop when the screen moved away, what happens to the colors?

A

Both umbra and penumbra increase in diameter.

76
Q

What does a point source create when an aperture is illuminated?

A

Full illumination, clear dark and light parts.

77
Q

What does an extended source create when an aperture is illuminated? This is the reason for what?

A

Illumination area with two regions: central full illumination and an outer partial illumination. This is the reason for vignetting.

Geometrical Optics I (2 decks)

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