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MSK Formative 1 > Introduction to Fungus and Mycoses > Flashcards

Introduction to Fungus and Mycoses Flashcards

1
Q

Systemic mycoses can all cause?

A
  • Pneumonia and can disseminate
  • systemic mycoses can form granulomas (like TB)
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2
Q

All systemic mycosis are caused by what type of fungi? Exception?

A
  • Dimorphic fungi:
    • cold = mold
    • heat =yeast
  • exception is coccidioidomycosis which is a spherule (not yeast) in tissue
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3
Q

What are the 4 systemic/ endemic Mycoses?

A
  1. Histoplasmosis
  2. Blostomycosis
  3. Coccidioidomycosis
  4. Paracoccidioidomycosis
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4
Q

What are the different forms of fungi?

A
  • Multicellular filamentous structures (molds)
  • Unicellular forms (yeast)
  • Dimorphic (either form depending on conditions such as temperature and environment)
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5
Q

Fungal cell membrane made up of ? Cell wall?

A
  • Membrane= sterols
  • Cell wall=chitin
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6
Q

How does fungi cause disease?

A
  • Both direct invasion and host immune response
    • (NO toxins released)
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7
Q

How do yeast cells reproduce?

A
  • budding
    • buds are called blastoconidia
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8
Q

Definition of Hyphae? Mycelia?

A
  • Hypahe: Continuous multinucleated non-septated/septated protoplasm
  • Mycelia: cluster of hyphae
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9
Q

Sexual reproduction of fungus occurs via? Example?

A
  • Sporangia:
    • sporangiophore with sporangium and sporangiospore;
      • spores inside are what get inhaled;
      • spores have to germinate and form new fungus
  • ex: Rhizopus species
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10
Q

Asexual reproduction of fungus occurs via? Example?

A
  • Conidia: with conidiospore
  • ex: Aspergillus species
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11
Q
  • Histoplasmosis is found in?
  • What part of country?
A
  • Found in soil enriched with bird and bat poop
  • Mississippi and Ohio river valleys
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12
Q

What cell can Histoplasmosis hide in?

A

Macrophages

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13
Q
  • How is Histoplasmosis transmitted?
  • What does it cause?
A
  • Inhalation
  • Acute and chronic pulmonary disseminated disease
    • (AIDS)
    • mucosal ulcer
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14
Q

All endemic/ systemic mycosis have what as primary source of infection?

A

Lung

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15
Q

Where is the geographic region that Blastomycosis is found?

A
  • Mississippi river valley
  • southeastern states
  • north-central states
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16
Q

What is primary site of infection of Blastomycosis? What does it cause

A
  • Inhalation (lungs)
  • Causes:
    • Skin lesions
    • pulmonary disease
    • disseminated infection (can reach the blood); form granulomatous nodules
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17
Q

What is geographic region that Coccidiomycoseis is found?

A

Southwestern United States, California

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18
Q
  • Coccidioidomycosis causes?
  • When does the case rate increase?
  • What are the spherules filled with?
A
  • Pneumonia and meningitis (pulmonary disease, 40% flu like)
  • Case rate increases after earthquakes
    • spores in dust are thrown in the air and inhaled —> spherules in lung filled with endospores
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19
Q

Where is Paracoccidioidomycoseis found?

A
  • South America
    • ​similar features to Coccidioidomycosis (dimorphic)
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20
Q

What endemic/systemic mycoses are most common in cellular immunity deficiency?

A
  • Disseminated histoplasmosis and coccidiomycosis
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21
Q

What are 5 opportunistic fungus?

A
  1. Pneumocystosis
  2. Mucormycosis (Mucor and Rhizopus spp.)
  3. Aspergillosis
  4. Cryptococcosis
  5. Candidiasis
22
Q

Candida albicans has what form?

A

Dimorphic forms pseudohyphae and oval budding yeasts

23
Q

Candida albicans causes what type of infection? Especially in which patients?

A
  • Systemic or superficial fungal infections
    • vagina, mouth, tongue, diaper rash
  • especially in immunocompromised patients have oral esophageal thrush
24
Q

Cryptococcosis neoformans has what type of form? Virulence factor

A
  • Heavily encapsulated yeast (capsule “crypt”)
    • has halo appearance
  • virulence factor:
    • ​ antiphagocytic polysaccharide capsule
25
Q

Where is Cryptococcosis neoformans found and how is it acquired?

A
  • Found in soil, pigeon droppings
  • Mississippi River Valley and eastern states
  • acquired through inhalation
    • dissemination to mininges (brain)
26
Q

How does Cryptococcosis most commonly present as?

A
  • Chronic meningitis
  • Lung and brain infection
  • acute pulmonary infections
27
Q

What groups are at risk for Cryptococcosis infection?

A
  • T cell abnormalities:
    • HIV
    • hematologic malignancy
    • organ or bone marrow transplant
    • corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive drugs
28
Q

Aspergillosis have what kind of form?

A
  • V shaped hyphae that branch at a 45 degree angle
  • mold produces conidia in radiating chains at end of conidiosphore
29
Q

How is Aspergillosis acquired?

A
  • Acquired by inhalation;
    • lung= primary site of infection
    • (common environmental mold)
30
Q

What does Aspergillosis cause?

A
  • angioinvasion (lung and CNS)
  • hemorrhage and tissue infarction,
    • especially in the lungs
31
Q
  • Mucormycosis (Rhizopus, Mucor spp.) hyphae form?
  • Where is it found?
A
  • Common environmental mold
  • Ribbon like hyphae with wide angle branching (90 degrees)
32
Q

Mucormycosis cause disease mostly in what patients?

A
  • angioinvasion in:
    • immune suppressed patients
    • or diabetes (especially diabetic ketoacidosis)
33
Q

Pneumocystosis has what form and how does it enter host?

A

Yeast-like and it is inhaled

34
Q
  • Pneumocystosis infection is predisposed in what patients?
  • What does it present as?
A
  • Immunocompromised,
    • e.g. AIDs
  • Presents as:
    • pneumonia with hypoxia (pneumocystis pneumonia)
35
Q

Sporotrichiosis is caused by which fungus? What is form?

A

Sporothrix schenckii

  • dimorphic fungus
36
Q
  • Where is sporotrichiosis found
  • Route of infection?
  • Clinical manifestation?
A
  • Found in soil, moss, decaying vegetation (problem for gardeners)
  • from thorn prick, rose garden
  • cause cutaneous ulcer
37
Q

Mycetoma is found mostly where? Clinical manifestation and treatment?

A
  • Tropics
  • Chronic granulomas with discharge (affects subcutaneous tissues)
  • Tx: surgical extirpation
38
Q

Dermatophyte infections is caused by what 3 genera?

A
  1. Trichophyton
  2. Microsporum
  3. Epidermophyton
39
Q

What parts of body does a Dermatophyte infect?

A
  1. Stratum corneum
  2. hair shafts
  3. nails
40
Q

Dermatophyte infections cause?

A
  • Tinea corporis (body); ringworm
  • Tinea pedis (feet); athletes foot
  • Tinea capitis (head)
  • Tinea cruris (crotch); jock itch
  • Tinea unguium (nails)
41
Q

What is a superficial mycoses?

A
  • Malassezia sp.
    • Normal colonizers of stratum corneum
  • M. furfur:
    • Tinea versicolor
  • M. globosa:
    • seborrheic dermatitis
42
Q

Organism feature of Blastomycosis?

A

Dimorphic BBB- broad based budding

43
Q

What are two risk population for Candidiasis?

A
  1. Immune suppressed patients
  2. Chronic granulomatous disease
44
Q

What is route of infection of Candidiasis?

A

Mucous membranes

45
Q

Where is Candidiasis normally found?

A
  • Normal flora of skin, mucous membrane, GIT
  • opportunistic
46
Q

What population is at risk for infection by Aspergillus?

A

Immune compromised

47
Q

Route of infection of mucormycosis?

A

Inhalation

48
Q

Chromoblastomycosis found where? Clinical manifestation/ people at risk?

A
  • Found in tropics and subtropics
  • Problem for people who spend more time outdoors
  • Cause slow forming lesions resulting in epithelial hyperplasia, fibrosis
49
Q

Where are dermatophytes normally found?

A

Direct contact with infected host or exfoliated skin

50
Q

Who is more at risk of Malassezia sp. infection?

A
  • young adults in hot weather
  • cause:
    • tinea versicolor (hypo/hyper pigmentation)
    • seborrheic dermatitis

MSK Formative 1 (11 decks)

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