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Small Animal Surgery > Introduction to Fractures > Flashcards

Introduction to Fractures Flashcards

1
Q

What is a stress?

A

External force applied to any cross-sectional area

“Cause”

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2
Q

What is a strain?

A

Deformation of a loaded material from it’s original form

“Effect”

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3
Q

How many types of strain are there?

A

3

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4
Q

How many types of strain characteristics are there?

A

2

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5
Q

How many characteristics of strain should WE think of?

A

5

NOTE: Huck says she won’t ask us these…

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6
Q

What is tensile strain?

A

Object is lengthened

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7
Q

What is compressive strain?

A

Object is shortened

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8
Q

What is shear strain?

A

Object is pushed from two opposite directions at the top and bottom

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9
Q

What 2 strains is bending a combination of?

A

Tensile on the long side

Compressive on the short side

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10
Q

What 3 strains is torsion a combination of?

A

Tensile
Compressive
Shear

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11
Q

What is deformation?

A

Change in shape d/t stress (application of force)

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12
Q

What is elastic deformation?

A

Reversible change

Returns to original shape after load is removed

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13
Q

What is plastic deformation?

A

Permanent change

Does NOT return to original shape after load is removed

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14
Q

What is the yield point?

A

Point when material begins to deform plastically (permanently)

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15
Q

What is the ultimate failure point?

A

Point when material fails

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16
Q

What is porosity?

A

Ratio of open space to total bone.

Open Space:Total Bone

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17
Q

What 2 characteristics does a high porosity give to bone?

A

Long elastic phase

Lower yield point

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18
Q

What characteristic does low porosity give to bone?

A

Steep and short plastic phase (brittle)

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19
Q

What is the porosity of cancellous bone?

A

75-95%

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20
Q

What is the porosity of cortical bone?

A

5-10%

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21
Q

What are the 2 properties of bone?

A

Viscoelastic

Anisotropic

22
Q

What does Viscoelastic mean?

A

Increased speed of loading increases material stiffness

NOTE: Think memory foam.

23
Q

What does Anisotropic mean?

A

Elasticity depends on the direction of loading

24
Q

When is bone stronger and what property of bone does this exhibit?

A

Bone is stronger and stiffer in compression.

Anisotropic property

25
When is bone weakest and what property of bone does this exhibit?
Bone is weakest when shear stress is applied. Anisotropic property
26
What are the 5 ways we describe a fracture?
``` Open vs. Closed Location Shape/Configuration of fracture Displacement Specific bone and side ```
27
When taking RADs of a fx, what do you always need?
Orthogonal views
28
What is the classification for a Type I Open Fx?
Wound smaller than 1cm Typically created by bone fragment that retracts back through skin NOTE: If this was caused by something stabbing INTO the wound from outside, would be worse because seeding the area with bacteria
29
What is the classification for a Type II Open Fx?
Open wound >1cm Wound from external source Not flaps or avulsions
30
What is the classification for a Type IIIA Open Fx?
Adequate soft tissue for wound coverage
31
What is the classification for a Type IIIB Open Fx?
Extensive soft tissue loss Bone exposure Stripped periosteum (bone loses shiny white appearance)
32
What is the classification for a Type IIIC Open Fx?
Arterial +/- nerve supply to distal limb compromised | Required microvascular surgery OR amputation
33
What is the FIRST priority in initial management of an open fracture?
Systemic stabilization
34
What does systemic stabilization of the open fracture entail?
Cover wound with sterile dressing and evaluate when patient is more stable.
35
Once the open fracture patient is stable, what are your next 5 steps?
Wear gloves Assess tissue damage, vascular and nerve supply Assess neurovascular status of distal limb -May be difficult if analgesics already on board Imaging Clean wound, collect culture, start Cefazolin NOTE: Collect culture AFTER cleaning wound
36
What is a transverse fx?
Across the bone, separated into two pieces
37
What is an oblique fx?
Fx on an angle of 30 degrees (???) or less, separated into two pieces
38
What is a spiral fx?
Exactly what it sounds like, separated into two pieces
39
What is a comminuted, reducible fx?
More than two pieces, but can put them back together.
40
What is a comminuted, nonreducible fracture?
More than two pieces, but CANNOT put them back together.
41
What are the 3 types of fracture configuration in a long bone?
Complete vs. Incomplete (greenstick) Simple vs. Comminuted (segmental, butterfly) Long vs. Short Oblique -Long oblique = length of fx(mm) >2x diameter of diaphysis (shaft)
42
What are the 5 anatomical locations of a fracture?
``` Epiphyseal (proximal vs distal) Metaphyseal (proximal vs distal) Diaphyseal (proximal vs middle vs distal) Physeal (Skeletally immature ONLY) Articular (through a joint surface) ```
43
What is a more specific anatomical location of a fracture?
Condylar or Supracondylar or Intracondylar NOTE: For humerus or femur
44
What is a Salter-Harris fx?
A fracture that involves the epiphyseal plate
45
What is a Type I Salter-Harris fx?
Straight across epiphyseal plate S
46
What is a Type II Salter-Harris fx?
Above the epiphyseal plate A
47
What is a Type III Salter-Harris fx?
Lower than epiphysial plate L
48
What is a Type IV Salter-Harris fx?
Through the epiphyseal plate (perpendicular to) T
49
What is a Type V Salter-Harris fx?
ERasure of growth plate ER
50
What are the most common Salter-Harris fx?
Type 2 and 3
51
What is displacement?
When the ends of the fracture do not line up
52
How do you describe displacement?
Based on the distal segment Proximal (overriding) vs. distal Medial vs. lateral Cranial vs. caudal

Small Animal Surgery (13 decks)

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