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BioEpi > Introduction to Epidemiology > Flashcards

Introduction to Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

Epidemiology

A

Study of factors that determine the occurrence and distribution of disease in a population

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2
Q

Epidemiologists

A

Public health professionals who investigate patterns, causes of disease, and injury in humans

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3
Q

Classical epidemiology

A

• Population oriented
• Studies the community origins of health problems
• Interested in discovering risk factors

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4
Q

Clinical epidemiology

A

• Studies patients in health care settings
• Improve prevention, early detection, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and care of illness in individuals

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5
Q

Syndromic epidemiology

A

• Looks for patterns of signs and symptoms
that indicate an origin in bioterrorism

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6
Q

Infectious disease epidemiology

A

• Study of the complex relationships among
hosts and infectious agents

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7
Q

Chronic disease epidemiology

A

• Addresses the etiology, prevention, distribution, natural history, and treatment outcomes of chronic health disorders

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8
Q

Public Health

A

science and art of preventing diseases

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9
Q

LEVELS OF SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF DISEASE

A
  1. Submolecular or molecular level (e.g. cell biology, genetics, biochemistry, and immunology)
  2. Tissue or organ level (e.g.anatomic pathology)
  3. Level of individual patients (e.g. clinical medicine)
  4. Level of populations (e.g.epidemiology)
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10
Q

Pre-disease

A

Primary prevention;
• Health promotion
• Specific protection

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11
Q

Latent disease

A

Secondary prevention;
• Pre-symptomatic
• Diagnosis and Treatment

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12
Q

Symptomatic disease

A

Tertiary prevention;
• Disability limitation for early symptomatic disease
• Rehabilitation for late symptomatic disease

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13
Q

HOST FACTORS

A

Responsible for the degree to which the individual is able to adapt to the stressors produced by the agent

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14
Q

HOST RESISTANCE

A

• Genotype
• Nutritional status
• Body mass index
• Immune system
• Social behavior

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15
Q

AGENTS OF DISEASE OR ILLNESS

A

• Biologic agents
• Chemical agents
• Physical agents
• Social and psychological stressors

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16
Q

BIOLOGIC AGENTS

A

• Allergens, infectious organisms, biological toxins, foods

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17
Q

CHEMICAL AGENTS

A

• Chemical toxins, dusts

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18
Q

PHYSICAL AGENTS

A

• Kinetic energy, radiation, heat, cold, noise

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19
Q

SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS

A

• Anxiety, depression

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20
Q

ENVIRONMENT

A

Influences the probability and circumstances of contact between the host and the agent

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21
Q

To be an effective transmitter of disease,

A

a vector must have a specific relationship to the agent, the environment, and the host

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22
Q

VECTORS

A

• Insects, arachnids, mammals
• Human groups
• Inanimate objects
• Part of the environment

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23
Q

RISK FACTORS AND PREVENTABLE CAUSES

A

• Intrinsic factors
• Extrinsic factors

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24
Q

INTRINSIC FACTORS

A

genetics, nutritional status, reproductive activities, personal behavior

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25
Q

EXTRINSIC FACTORS

A

man-made or naturally occurring carcinogens, viral infections, etc.

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26
Q

BIOLOGIC AND BEHAVIORAL FACTORS

A

Influenced by gender, age, weight, bone density, etc.

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27
Q

Risk factors for Biological and Behavioral Factors

A
  • Cigarette smoking
    • Overweight / obesity
    • Unprotected sexual intercourse
    • Excessive alcohol intake
    • Abuse of legal and illegal drugs
    • Driving under the influence
    • Homicide / suicide attempts
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28
Q

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

A

Epidemiologists describe the patterns of the disease, develop and test hypotheses about causal factors, and introduce methods to prevent further cases of disease

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29
Q

SMALLPOX

A

• First infectious disease known to
have been eradicated from the globe

30
Q

HERD IMMUNITY

A

When a vaccine diminishes an immunized person’s ability to spread the disease, leading to reduced disease transmission

31
Q

IMMUNODEFICIENCY

A

• Genetic abnormalities
• Infections, certain medications

32
Q

NUTRITIONAL FACTORS

A

Dietary variations play an important role in producing differences in disease rates among populations

33
Q

• Genetic epidemiology

A

• Addresses the distribution of normal and abnormal genes in a given population

34
Q

• Heritability

A

• Contribution of genes relative to
all determinants of disease

35
Q

• Genetic screening

A

• Important in identifying problems in newborns and in determining susceptibility genes

36
Q

• Medical care services

A

• May be beneficial to health but
can also be dangerous

37
Q

Iatrogenic disease

A

Occurs when a disease is induced inadvertently by treatment or during a diagnostic procedure

38
Q

Personal beliefs, religious faith, family support, social networks

A

Social and spiritual factors

39
Q
  1. VACCINATION AND PATTERNS OF IMMUNITY
A

Degree of immunity necessary to eliminate a disease from a population varies depending on the type of infectious organism, the time of year, and the density and social patterns of the population

40
Q

DIPHTHERIA

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae;
• Vaccine-produced immunity decreases over time
• Recommendation: additional single vaccination for adults to provide natural booster effect

41
Q

SMALLPOX

A

Variola virus;
• Variola minor (ALASTRIM)
• Variola major (Classical smallpox)

42
Q

EDWARD JENNER

A

used cowpox virus to create a vaccine for smallpox

43
Q

POLIOMYELITIS

A

Causative agent = Poliovirus; fecal-oral route or by vehicle (food)

44
Q

TYPES OF VACCINES FOR POLIO

A

• Inactivated or killed polio vaccine (IPV) / Salk
• Live, attenuated oral polio vaccine (OPV) / Sabin

45
Q

SYPHILIS

A

caused by the spirochete bacteria: Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum

46
Q

Three Stages of Syphilis

A

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary

47
Q

PRIMARY STAGE OF SYPHILIS

A

3-90 days after exposure, appearance of painless sore/ ulcer called CHANCRE

48
Q

SECONDARY STAGE OF SYPHILIS

A

4-10 weeks after initial infection; rough and reddish brown rashes, flu-like symptoms, warts

49
Q

TERTIARY STAGE OF SYPHILIS

A

3-15 years after initial infection; no symptoms but bacteria is still present

50
Q

19th century:

A

• Diarrhea – primary killer of children
• Tuberculosis – leading cause of adult mortality

51
Q

Sanitary revolution:

A

• Reduced infant mortality, increased
effective birth rate but a cause of today’s worldwide
population problem

52
Q

Demographic gap

A

• Difference between birth rate and death rate that develops when a country undergoes demographic transition

53
Q

Synergism

A

• Interaction or combination of factors that produce a greater effect than the sum of their separate effects

54
Q

Malnutrition and Infection

A

• A malnourished child has more difficulty making antibodies and repairing tissue damage which makes the child less resistant to infectious diseases

55
Q

Antigenic shift

A

• a process by which 2 or more strains of a virus combine to form a new subtype of a virus

56
Q

Antigenic drift

A

• Accumulation of mutations within virus genes over time

57
Q

Global pandemic

A

Widespread outbreak involving multiple continents

58
Q

Biologic spectrum of disease (Iceberg phenomenon)

A

• Variation in the severity of a disease process
• Paramount to the field of epidemiology

59
Q

Field trials

A

• Randomized trials of preventive measures
• Important phase of evaluating a new vaccine

60
Q

Ongoing/continued surveillance programs

A

• Ensure a vaccine’s continued safety and effectiveness
• Examples: polio, smallpox, measles

61
Q

Current recommendation for measles vaccine:

A

initially at 15 months of age, booster dose at 4 to 6 years of age

62
Q

Syndromic surveillance

A

Epidemiologists contributing to national security

63
Q

SETTING DISEASE CONTROL PRIORITIES

A

“Disease control priorities should be based not only on the currently existing size of the population (and its problem), but also on the potential of a disease to spread to others; its likelihood of causing death and disability; and its cost to individuals, families, and the community.”

64
Q

EXAMPLES OF DISEASE CONTROL PRIORITIES

A

Examples:
• HIV/AIDS prioritization
• Type 2 diabetes
• Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
• Zoonotic infections like avian influenza (H5N1)

65
Q

Diagnosis

A

Process of identifying the nature and cause of a disease through evaluation of the clinical history, review of symptoms, examination or testing

66
Q

Effective treatment

A

Determined by methods of clinical epidemiology

67
Q

Prognosis

A

• Improved understanding through epidemiology

68
Q

Risk estimation

A

Epidemiology forecasts the probability and impact of risks

69
Q

Epidemiologists can be called to testify in court:

A

• Product hazards
• Probable risks and effects of various environmental exposures and medications

70
Q

Lawsuits may rely on epidemiologic data:

A

• General environmental exposures
• Occupational illness claims
• Medical liability
• Product liability

BioEpi (4 decks)

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