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Endocrinology > INTRODUCTION TO ENDOCRINOLOGY FOR THE PRIMARY CARE PA > Flashcards

INTRODUCTION TO ENDOCRINOLOGY FOR THE PRIMARY CARE PA Flashcards

1
Q

Main funciton of the endocrine system?

A

maintains homeostasis

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2
Q

Definition of hormones?

2

A
  1. Any substance normally produced by specialized cells in some part of the body, carried by the blood stream to another part, where it effects the body as a whole
  2. Vehicles for intracellular and extracellular communication
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3
Q

Functions of Hormones?

6

A
  1. Maintain homeostasis
  2. Regulate growth and development
  3. Promote sexual maturation, sexual rhythms and facilitate reproduction
  4. Regulate energy production
  5. Adapt/adjust body to stressful/emergency situations
  6. Promote/inhibit production or release or other hormones
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4
Q

Characteristics of Hormones

5

A 
1. Specificity
Only target cells respond
2. Multiple actions
3. Variable half-life
--Often depends on solubility properties
4. Variable forms
--Depends on weight
5. Excretion rates
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5
Q

What are the two funtional types of hormones?

A

Tropic

Non-tropic or Direct effector

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6
Q

WHat is the difference between Tropic (2) and

Non-tropic or Direct effectors (3)?

A
  1. Originate from anterior pituitary gland
  2. Specific for another endocrine gland
  3. Secreted by non-pituitary endocrine glands
  4. Act directly on peripheral tissue
  5. Exert a feedback effect on the hypothalamus or anterior pituitary gland
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7
Q

Chemical Types of Hormones

3

A

Peptides/proteins
Amines
Steriods

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8
Q

Examples of Peptides/proteins?

They are soluable in what?

They interact with target cells to trigger what?

What kind of effects?

A

Polypeptides or glycoproteins

Soluble in plasma

Interact with target cell membrane receptors to trigger a second messenger to complete the specific action of the hormone.

Short term effects

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9
Q

Amines are what kind of derivitives?

poorly soluble in?

WHat do they interact with?

What kind of effects? 2

A

Amino acid derivatives

Poorly soluble in plasma

Interact with membrane receptors of target cells

Provide long and short term effects

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10
Q

Steriods are composed of what?

What does this allow them to do?

Prodced by what? 4

Insoluble in?

Effects?

A

Composed of lipids (cholesterol)

Can transverse through the cell membrane

Produced by

  1. ovaries
  2. testis
  3. placenta, and
  4. adrenal cortex

Insoluble in water

Long-lasting

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11
Q

Where are hormone receptors located? 2

What does the binding of hormones to target cells result in?

A

Located on cell membrane or within cell cytoplasm

Binding of hormone to receptor initiates a signal
Results in changes in gene expression
Ultimately causes a biological response

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12
Q

Regulation and Control of Hormones

is accomplished how?

A

Occurs by controlling the rate of synthesis rather than the rate of degradation

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13
Q

Primary hormome control is controlled by what?

A

Hypothalamus
Small gland next to pituitary gland
Connected to the pituitary by the “pituitary stalk”

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14
Q

What does the pituitary gland release? 2

A

Releases both tropic and effector hormones

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15
Q

How is signaling in the nervous system different from endocrine?

A

The nervous system exerts point-to-point control through nerves, similar to sending messages by conventional landline telephone. Nervous control is electrical in nature and immediate.

The endocrine system broadcasts its hormonal messages to essentially all cells by secretion into blood and extracellular fluid. Like a radio broadcast, it requires a receiver to get the message - in the case of endocrine messages, cells must bear a receptor for the hormone being broadcast in order to respond.

  1. nervous- point ot point
  2. needs a receptor to receive
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16
Q

Are the two main systems (endocrine and nervous system) that coordinate and regulate function mutually exclusive?

A

NOO

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17
Q

So, one more time….what does the endocrine system do?
4

What systems does it work with?
2

A

growth and development
metabolism
reproduction
homeostasis

Involves numerous organs and tissues located throughout the body

Works in conjunction with the nervous system (and to a lesser extent with the immune system)

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18
Q

What are EXOCRINE GLANDS?

Examples? 4

A

Produce secretions which are released to the outside;

  1. sweat
  2. salivary
  3. mammary
  4. digestive gland systems

are examples.

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19
Q

What are ENDOCRINE GLANDS?

A

Hormones are secreted directly into the blood and are carried throughout the body where they influence the appropriate receptor sites for that hormone.

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20
Q

What are MIXED GLANDS?

Example?

A

(Exocrine and Endocrine) Some glands have non-endocrine regions that have functions other than hormone secretion.

For example, the pancreas has a major exocrine portion that secretes digestive enzymes and an endocrine portion that secretes hormones.

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21
Q

Organs of the endocrine system

9

A 
HYPOTHALAMUS
PINEAL GLAND
PITUITARY GLAND
THYROID GLAND
THYMUS
PARATHYROID GLANDS
ADRENAL GLANDS
GONADS
PANCREAS
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22
Q

What is the Primary link between endocrine and nervous systems?

A

Hypothalamus

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23
Q

The hypothalamus regulates activities of nervous and endocrine systems in three ways?

A
  1. Acts as an endocrine organ…releases hormones ADH (antidiuretic hormone) and OXYTOCIN
  2. Secretes REGULATORY HORMONES (releasing hormones or inhibiting hormones)
  3. Control endocrine cells in the adrenal medulla
24
Q

Pituitary is also known as what?

Where is it found?

Consists of how many lobes and what are their funtions?

A

Also know as HYPOPHYSIS

Small oval gland seated in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

Consists of two lobes (anterior and posterior)

Anterior – ADENOHYPOPHYSIS (made up of glandular cells)

Posterior – NEUROHYPOPHYSIS (cells are non-secretory, resemble neuroglial tissue)

25
Q

Adenohypophysis is which lobe?

It can be divided into what parts? 2

WHat does it contain?

How many hormones does it secrete (the majority are produced by which part?)

A

(Anterior lobe of the Pituitary)

Can be divided into an anterior pars distalis and a posterior pars intermedia

Contains endocrine cells surrounded by an extensive capillary network (HYPOPHYSEAL PORTAL SYSTEM )

Secretes seven important hormones, and six are produced by the pars distalis

26
Q

Hormones of adenohypophysis

7

A
  1. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
  2. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  3. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
  4. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
  5. Prolactin (PRL)
  6. Somatotrophin (Growth hormone)
  7. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) - pars intermedia
27
Q

Neurohypophysis (Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland):
Contains what?

What does it produce? 2

A

Contains the axons of hypothalamic neurons

Nuclei of hypothalamus produce ADH (antidiuretic hormone) and OXYTOCIN

28
Q

Where is the pineal gland?

What does it contain (3) and what is its function?

A

Lies in the roof of the thalamus (third ventricle), under the posterior end of the corpus callosum

It contains

  1. neurons,
  2. glial cells and
  3. secretory cells

that synthesize the hormone MELATONIN

29
Q

Thyroid gland is located where?

How many lobes does it have?

How would you describe its vascularture?

What does it produce? 3

A

Lies anterior to the trachea and just below the thyroid cartilage, which forms most of the anterior surface of the larynx

Has two lobes (bow tie or butterfly shape) united by the isthmus

Has an extensive blood supply

Produces the hormones

  1. triiodothyronine (T3),
  2. thyroxine(T4), and
  3. calcitonin
30
Q

Parathyroid glands are located where?

What are the two kinds of cells in parathyroid glands?

A

There are two pairs of parathyroids embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

There are two different types of cells within the parathyroid glands (chief cells and oxyphil cells)

31
Q

What do the chief cells produce?

What is the funtion of this hormone? 4

What does the oxyphil cell produce?

A

The CHIEF CELLS produces parathyroid hormone (PARATHORMONE ) PTH

Parathormone

  1. stimulates osteoclasts
  2. inhibits osteoblasts
  3. increases intestinal absorption, and
  4. reduces urinary excretion of calcium ions

The function of oxyphil cells is not known
Appear at onset of puberty.

32
Q

Where is the thymus located?

How many lobes does it have and what are the parts of each lobe 2?

A

Embedded in the mediastinum, usually posterior to the sternum

Organized in two lobes separated by a septae. Each lobe consists of a dense outer CORTEX and a central MEDULLA

33
Q

What does the cortex of the thymus consist of?

What does it produce and what is the funtion of that hormone?

A

The CORTEX consists of epithelial cells that

secrete the thymic hormones (thymosins= T Cells) which play a key role in development and maintenance of inmunological defenses

34
Q

Funtion of the medulla of the thymus?

What does it consist of?

A

The MEDULLA has the thymic corpuscles (Hassall´s corpuscles) surrounded by lymphocytes

Function: unknown

35
Q

What is another name for the adrenal glands?

Where are they located?

What are the different parts of the adrenal glands?

What does it produce?

A

Also know as SUPRARENAL glands

Lie along the superior borders of the kidneys

Can be subdivided on histological grounds into an outer cortex and an inner medulla

ADRENAL CORTEX
Produces steroid hormones called adrenocortical steroids, or CORTICOSTEROIDS
Contains three distinct zones
Has a yellowish color due to the presence of stored lipids

36
Q

What are the zones of the adrenal cortex and what are the functions of each?
3

A

ZONA GLOMERULOSA – outermost and relatively narrow layer. Secretes MINERALOCORTICOIDS (aldosterone)

ZONA FASCICULATA – extends toward the capsule in a series of radiating cell columns. Produces GLUCOCORTICOIDS (cortisol, corticosterone and cortisone)

ZONA RETICULARIS – surrounds the adrenal medulla. Produces ANDROGENS

37
Q

What is the funtion of the adrenal medulla?

A

Contains two populations of secretory cells, one produce EPINEPHRINE ( 75-80% ) and the other NOREPINEPHRINE ( 20-25%

38
Q

Pancreas contains what kind of cells? 2

What cells are in the islets of langerhans?

What do alpha cells secrete and why?

What do beta cells secrete and why?

A

Contains exocrine and endocrine cells

Endocrine cells are found within the pancreatic islets (ISLETS OF LANGERHANS)

Alpha cells secrete glucagon
Released when glucose levels too low

Beta cells produce insulin
Released when glucose levels too high

39
Q

What are the testes made of and what do they produce?

Between the tubules are what?
These secrete what?

A

Each testicle is made up seminiferous tubules which produce spermatozoa.

Between the tubules are the INTERSTITIAL CELLS that secrete steroid hormones know as ANDROGENS, notably TESTOSTERONE

40
Q

Follicle cells in the ovaries produce what?

After ovulation the cells reorganize into what structure that produces what hormone?

If a pregnancy occurs the placenta will gradually develop what?

A

Follicle cells in the ovaries produce steroid ESTROGENS while eggs are developing.

After ovulation the cells reorganize into a corpus luteum that produces PROGESTERONE.

If a pregnancy occurs, the placenta will gradually develop endocrine functions of its own

41
Q

What nonendocrine organs produce hormones?

7

A 
brain
heart
lungs
kidneys
liver
skin
placenta

also produce and release hormones

42
Q

Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System
are characterized by what?
4

A

Characterized by:

  1. Hypo or hyper hormone release
  2. Inappropriate response to signaling
  3. Absence of a gland
  4. Structural enlargement
43
Q

Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System are classified as?
3

A
  1. Primary (inhibits the action of downstream glands)
  2. Secondary (Indicative of a problem with the pituitary gland)
  3. Tertiary (Dysfunction of the hypothalamus)
44
Q

What are the two adrenal insufficiency disorders?

2

A
  1. Addison’s disease (primary adrenal insufficiency)

2. Mineralocorticoid deficiency

45
Q

What are the adrenal hormone excess disorders?

5

A
  1. Conn’s syndrome (aldosterone producing adenoma)
  2. Cushing’s syndrome (high levels of cortisol in the blood by a tumor or systemic steroids)
  3. GRA/Glucocorticoid remediable aldosteronism (cause of primary hyperaldosteronism)
  4. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
  5. Adrenocortical carcinoma
46
Q

What are the three pancreas disorders?

A

Diabetes mellitus

Hypoglycemia

Glucagonoma

47
Q

What are the three types of Diabetes mellitus?

A

Type 1
Type 2
Gestational Diabetes

48
Q

What are two examples of hypoglycemia?

2

A
  1. Idiopathic hypoglycemia

2. Insulinoma (tumor of the beta cells in the pancreas)

49
Q

What is glucagonoma?

A

(tumor of the islet cell in the pancreas)

50
Q

Types of thyroid disorders?

5

A 
Goiter (Iodine deficiency)
Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism
Thyroiditis
Thyroid cancer
51
Q

Examples of Hyperthyroidism? 2

Examples of thyroiditis? 1

A
  1. Graves disease
  2. Toxic multinodular goiter
  3. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
52
Q

Parathyroid disorders?

4

A
  1. Parathyroid gland disorders
  2. Osteoporosis
  3. Osteitis deformans (Paget’s disease of bone)
  4. Rickets and osteomalacia
53
Q

Examples of Parathyroid gland disorders?

4

A
  1. Primary hyperparathyroidism
  2. Secondary hyperparathyroidism
  3. Tertiary hyperparathyroidism
  4. Hypoparathyroidism
    - –Psuedohypoparathyroidism
54
Q

Posterior pituitary disorders? 1

Anterior pituitary disorders?
2

A

Diabetes insipidus

Hypopituitarism
Pituitary tumors

55
Q

Disorders of sex development? 3

Hypogonadism (Gonadotropin deficiency)?
3

A
  1. Hermaphroditism
  2. Gonadal dysgenesis
  3. Androgen insensitivity syndromes

Hypogonadism (Gonadotropin deficiency)

  1. Inherited (genetic and chromosomal disorders)
    - Kallmann syndrome
    - Klinefelter syndrome
    - Turner syndrome
  2. Disorders of Puberty
    - Delayed puberty
    - Precocious puberty
  3. Menstrual function or fertility disorders
    - Amenorrhea
    - Polycystic ovary syndrome

Endocrinology (23 decks)

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