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Hannah's Endocrine > Introduction to Endocrine > Flashcards

Introduction to Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What hormone is released by the pineal gland and what are its 3 roles?

A

Melatonin

Regulates circadian rhythm, involved in maintaining immune function and acts as an antioxidant

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2
Q

What hormone is released by the parathyroid glands and what is its role?

A

PTH

Increases plasma calcium and decreases plasma phosphate levels

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3
Q

What hormones are released by the thymus and what are their roles?

A

Thymosin and thymopoietin

Involved in lymphocyte development

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4
Q

What hormone is released by the heart and what is its role?

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide

Acts on the kidneys to increase Na+ excretion

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5
Q

What hormones are released by the liver and what are their roles?

A

Angiotensinogen: acts on adrenal cortex to stimulate aldosterone secretion, and on blood vessels to cause vasoconstriction and increase BP
IGFs: act on many tissues, involved in growth promotion

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6
Q

Where does an autocrine signal act?

A

On the same cell that secreted it

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7
Q

Where does a paracrine signal act?

A

Diffuses to act on adjacent cells

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8
Q

What is a neurohormone? What are the 3 major groups of neurohormones?

A

A neurocrine signal secreted into the bloodstream
Hypothalamic neurohormones acting on the anterior pituitary, hypothalamic neurohormones acting on the posterior pituitary, and catecholamines made by modified adrenal medulla neurons

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9
Q

What is a tropic hormone?

A

A hormone that controls the secretion of another hormone

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10
Q

What is a trophic hormone?

A

Usually a hormone that stimulates growth and development

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11
Q

Are peptide hormones made on demand or stored in advance?

A

Precursor stored in advance

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12
Q

What is the difference peptide and steroid hormones in terms of their half-life?

A

Steroid hormones have a longer half-life than peptide hormones

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13
Q

Do thyroid hormones resemble peptide or steroid hormones in terms of their structure and action?

A

Steroid

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14
Q

Do catecholamines resemble peptide or steroid hormones in terms of their structure and action?

A

Peptide

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15
Q

What are the amine hormones mostly derived from?

A

Tyrosine

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16
Q

List 4 factors influencing the plasma concentration of free, biologically active hormone

A

Rate of secretion
Rate of metabolic activation (only for a few hormones)
Extent of binding to plasma proteins (for steroid and thyroid hormones)
Rate of metabolic inactivation and excretion

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17
Q

How are steroid hormones removed from the circulation?

A

They are conjugated and removed via the urine and bile

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18
Q

How are amine hormones removed from the circulation?

A

They are degraded by specific circulating degrading enzymes

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19
Q

How are large peptides removed from the circulation?

A

Via receptor-mediated endocytosis

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20
Q

How are most small peptides removed from the circulation?

A

Via the kidneys

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21
Q

What is the role of antagonism in hormone regulation? Give an example

A

The hormones act together but in opposite directions, which allows for fine tuning (e.g. insulin and glucagon)

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22
Q

What is synergism in terms of hormone regulation? Give an example

A

Multiple stimuli producing an effect that is more than additive (e.g. glucagon, cortisol and adrenaline in the control of blood glucose)

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23
Q

What does “permissive” refer to in terms of hormone action? Give an example

A

1st hormone requires the presence of a 2nd hormone to exert its effects (e.g. cortisol and adrenaline, thyroid hormone and IGFs)

24
Q

What is the difference between a primary and secondary endocrine disorder?

A

In a primary endocrine disorder, the gland is abnormal

In a secondary endocrine disorder, the gland is abnormal but the tropic hormone is abnormal

25
Q

What are the advantages of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary?

A

Less hormone secretion is required to elicit a response

There is direct delivery of hormone

26
Q

What is another name for the posterior pituitary? How is this related to its embryological origin?

A

Neurohypophysis

An outgrowth of the brain, composed of nervous tissue

27
Q

What is another name for the anterior pituitary? How is this related to its embryological origin?

A

Adenohypophysis

Originated from glandular epithelial tissue and ectodermal cells (true endocrine gland)

28
Q

What is the infundibulum?

A

The stalk connecting the pituitary to the brain

29
Q

What 2 hormones are released by the posterior pituitary?

A

Vasopressin/ADH

Oxytocin (OT)

30
Q

What is the role of ADH?

A

Increases collecting duct permeability to decrease urinary output

31
Q

What is the role of OT?

A

Causes ejection of milk by the breasts, and contraction of the uterus

32
Q

What nuclei are involved in the control of the posterior pituitary?

A

Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei

33
Q

What nuclei are involved in control of the anterior pituitary?

A

Arcuate and other nuclei

34
Q

List 7 hormones secreted by the hypothalamus to target the anterior pituitary

A 
CRH
TRH
GnRH
GHRH
GHIH (somatostatin)
PRF
PIH (dopamine)
35
Q

What are somatomedins?

A

IGFs

36
Q

List 8 hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary

A 
ACTH
B-lipotropin
TSH (thyrotropin)
Prolactin
LH
FSH
GH
37
Q

Which hypothalamic hormone, besides PRF, can stimulate prolactin secretion from the anterior pituitary?

A

TRH

38
Q

Besides tropic hormones, what other controls can affect hormone production?

A

Higher centres in the brain

Changes in diurnal/circadian rhythm

39
Q

What causes Kallman syndrome? What are the symptoms?

A

The failure of embryological GnRH neurons to migrate via the olfactory pathway
Causes hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, and hyposmia/anosmia

40
Q

What % of brain growth occurs in the first 2 years of life?

A

Postnatal growth spurt results in 70% of brain growth

41
Q

What occurs during the pubertal growth spurt?

A

Lengthening and epiphyseal fusion of long bones

Production of testosterone and oestrogen

42
Q

What are the metabolic effects of GH?

A

Increase blood fatty acid and glucose (anti-insulin)

Increase protein synthesis

43
Q

What effect does GH have on soft tissues and the skeleton?

A

Hyperplasia and hypertrophy of cells

44
Q

What effect does GH have on the liver?

A

Stimulates production and release of IGFs

45
Q

What hormone is responsible for closing the epiphyseal plates of long bones? (Think about the timing of epiphyseal fusion)

A

Oestrogen

46
Q

What are the 4 actions of IGFs?

A

Insulin-like activity (opposes GH)
Anti-lipolytic activity (opposes GH)
Protein synthesis
Epiphyseal growth

47
Q

What is the role of GH in early growth?

A

Plays a permissive role (required from birth)

48
Q

What is the effect of GH deficiency in children?

A

Dwarfism

49
Q

What is the cause of Laron dwarfism?

A

GH receptors are unresponsive despite normal GH

50
Q

What are the effects of adult onset GH deficiency?

A

Few effects

51
Q

How is GH deficiency treated?

A

Using genetically engineered hGH

52
Q

List 6 GH-independent causes of short stature

A 
Cretinism (TH deficiency)
Precocious/early puberty
Gonadal dysgenesis (XO chromosomes)
Constitutional delayed/stunted growth
Psychosocial dwarfism (due to chronic abuse or neglect)
Achondroplasia
53
Q

What is achondroplasia and what is the underlying cause?

A

The most common form of dwarfism

Caused by FGFR-3 mutation

54
Q

What is the result of GH excess in childhood vs adulthood?

A

Gigantism in childhood

Acromegaly in adulthood

55
Q

What are the clinical signs of acromegaly?

A

Bone and soft tissue deformities

Increased viscera size and protein content

Hannah's Endocrine (8 decks)

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