Introduction to Electrolytes Flashcards
1
Q
Biologic ions
A
electrolytes
2
Q
atoms with charge
A
ions
3
Q
reason why electrolytes are called as BIOLOGIC ions
A
biologic means it is dissolved in the blood and body fluids
4
Q
Ions classification based on charge
A
Cation (+)
Anion (-)
5
Q
Ion classification based on migration in an electric field
A
Cathode (towards - electrode)
Anode (towards + electrode)
6
Q
Inorganic molecules used by enzymes as cofactors
A
Activators
7
Q
Electrolytes that functions for volume and osmotic regulation
A
Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
8
Q
Electrolytes that functions for mycocardial rhythm and contractility
A
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
9
Q
Electrolytes that function as enzyme cofactors (activators)
A
Calcium
Magnesium
Zinc
10
Q
Electrolytes that both function in myocardial rhythm & contractility and as enzyme cofactors
A
Calcium
Magnesium
11
Q
Electrolytes: regulation of ATPase-ion pumps
A
Magnesium
12
Q
Electrolytes: Neuromuscular excitability
A
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
13
Q
Electrolytes that both functions in myocardial rhythm and contractility and neuromuscular excitability
A
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
14
Q
Electrolytes: production and use of ATP from glucose
A
Magnesium
Phosphate
15
Q
Electrolytes: Acid-base balance maintenance
A
Bicarbonate
Potassium
Chloride
Phosphate
16
Q
Electrolytes: DNA replication and mRNA translation
A
Magnesium
17
Q
a type of active transport
A
ATPase-ion pumps
18
Q
DNA —> mRNA
A
transcription
19
Q
mRNA —> Protein
A
translation
20
Q
solvent for ALL processes in the body
A
water
21
Q
approx. % of water in a human body
A
40-75% (42L)
22
Q
Locations of water in the body
A
Intracellular fluid
Extracellular fluid
Intravascular fluid
Interstitial fluid
23
Q
fluid inside the cell
A
intracellular
24
Q
fluid outside the cell
A
extracellular
25
which among the two has the most amount of fluid?
• intracellular
• extracellular
intracellular (65% of the total water or 2/3) - approx. 28 L
26
which among the two has the least amount of fluid?
• intracellular
• extracellular
extracellular (35% of the total water or 1/3) - approx. 14 L
27
fluid inside the vessel
PLASMA (unclotted part of blood) - 93% water
intravascular
28
fluid in gaps between or surrounding the cells
interstitial
29
interstitial fluids retained for a volume of 3 L results to what condition?
Edema (fluid retention in tissues)
30
4 physiologic functions of WATER
1. transports nutrients to cells
2. cell volume determination by its transport in and out of the cell
3. waste products removal - URINE
4. body’s natural coolant - SWEAT
31
hormone that plays an important role in removal of waste products such as urine
vasopressin
32
natural coolant of the body that contains electrolytes
sweat
33
electrolytes found in SWEAT and its values
Sodium = 50 mmol/L
Potassium = 5 mmol/L
34
maintains electrolytes concentration within cells and in plasma
ion transport mechanisms
35
2 mechanisms of ion transport
Active transport
Passive transport (diffusion)
36
promotes entry and exit of electrolytes in the cells
ion transport mechanisms
37
ENERGY-REQUIRING transport mechanism to move ion across cellular membrane
active transport
(example: Sodium-Potassium-ATPase pump)
38
NON-ENERGY REQUIRING transport mechanism
passive transport or diffusion
39
only requirements for passive transport
size
charge
40
concentration of solutes per kg solvent
osmolality (mOsm/Kg)
41
Conditions where osmolality is unaffected
hyperlipidemia
hyperproteinemia
alcohol
mannitol
42
major contributor to osmolality
sodium (90%)
43
plays a role for about 90% of osmotic activity in plasma
sodium and its anions
44
normal plasma osmolality value
275-295 mOsm/kg plasma water
45
osmolality when SODIUM is increased
hyperosmolality
46
osmolality when SODIUM is decreased
hypoosmolality
47
RAAS means
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
48
included in renal function test and is activated due to HYPOVOLEMIA (low blood volume)
RAAS
49
system responsible for maintaining blood volume
RAAS
50
body’s normal mechanism to normalize osmolality
hypothalamic functions:
• promoting THIRST
• promote decreased vasopressin
51
major defense against hyperosmolality
thirst
52
increase in SODIUM leads to (increased/decreased) water?
INCREASED WATER
(where sodium goes, water follows)
53
increased sodium leads to hypervolemia or hypovolemia?
hypervolemia (increased water vol in blood) leading also to high blood pressure
54
blood pressure is proportional or inversely proportional to blood volume?
BP = Blood volume
55
hyperosmolality due to decreased water intake leads to (increased/decreased) plasma solute
increase plasma solute
56
does increased plasma solute promote thirst?
yes, there a decreased water intake
followed by promoting VASOPRESSIN (ADH) to conserve water since there is already decreased water in the body
57
mechanism to normalize osmolality when there is decreased water intake leading to increased plasma solute (hyperosmolality)
• promote THIRST
• promote VASOPRESSIN to prevent urination and conserve water
58
mechanism to normalize osmolality when there is increased water intake or HYPOOSMOLALITY
since it decreases plasma solute, it leads to:
• prevention of vasopressin production
• NO THIRST promotion
59
mechanism to normalize osmolality when there is increased water intake leading to HYPOOSMOLALITY and decreased plasma solute
• prevent VASOPRESSIN production (to increase urination)
• NO THIRST promotion
60
In RAAS, low BP and plasma Na leads to?
renin secretion
61
site where RENIN is secreted
renal glomeruli
62
converts Angiotensinogen —> Angiotensin I
Renin
63
converts Angiotensin I —> Angiotensin II in the lungs
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme
64
specific factor in RAAS that increases BP and blood volume
Angiotensin II
(has 4 mechanisms)
65
site of conversion of Angiotensin I —> Angiotensin II
lungs
66
4 mechanism of Angiotensin II to increase blood pressure and volume
1. vasoconstriction
2. PCT sodium reabsorption
3. Secretion of Aldosterone
4. Secretion of ADH
67
part of nephron where majority of Na is reabsorbed; facilitates reabsorption of essential substances
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
68
site that secretes aldosterone
adrenal cortex
69
function of aldosterone in RAAS
Na reabsorption in DCT
70
site that secretes ADH
hypothalamus
71
other names of ADH
vasopressin
arginine vasopressin hormone
72
function of ADH in RAAS
water resorption in collecting duct
73
Vasopressin (ADH) deficient causes this condition
POLYURIA (increased urination)
- since vasopressin presence normally PREVENTS urination
- without vasopressin, there will be no hindering factor for urinating
74
volume of urine needed to be considered as POLYURIA
10-20L/day of urine
75
site that secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
adrenal medulla
76
low blood volume
low BP
low plasma Na
hypovolemia
77
factor that responds to HYPERVOLEMIA by promoting sodium excretion and vasodilation
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
B-type Natriuretic Peptide
78
If sodium is excreted during hypervolemia, what will happen to water?
water will also be EXCRETED
79
process of sodium excretion in urine
natriuresis
80
stimulates secretion of vasopressin independent of osmolality
blood volume receptors
81
vasopressin secretion retain or excrete water?
RETAINS WATER (prevents urination)
82
GFR when there is hypervolemia with increased blood volume and water (hypoosmolality)
increased GFR
83
GFR when there is hypovolemia with decreased blood volume and water (hyperosmolality)
decreased GFR
84
During hypoosmolality, ADH secretion is prevented or activated?
prevented
(to increase urination & lower water volume)
85
During hyperosmolality, ADH secretion is prevented or activated?
activated
(to prevent urination & retain water in the body since water volume is decreased)
86
osmolality during dehydration
hyperosmolality
