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Clinical Chemistry 2 - CEUMLS > Introduction to Electrolytes > Flashcards

Introduction to Electrolytes Flashcards

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1
Q

Biologic ions

A

electrolytes

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2
Q

atoms with charge

A

ions

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3
Q

reason why electrolytes are called as BIOLOGIC ions

A

biologic means it is dissolved in the blood and body fluids

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4
Q

Ions classification based on charge

A

Cation (+)
Anion (-)

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5
Q

Ion classification based on migration in an electric field

A

Cathode (towards - electrode)
Anode (towards + electrode)

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6
Q

Inorganic molecules used by enzymes as cofactors

A

Activators

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7
Q

Electrolytes that functions for volume and osmotic regulation

A

Sodium
Potassium
Chloride

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8
Q

Electrolytes that functions for mycocardial rhythm and contractility

A

Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium

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9
Q

Electrolytes that function as enzyme cofactors (activators)

A

Calcium
Magnesium
Zinc

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10
Q

Electrolytes that both function in myocardial rhythm & contractility and as enzyme cofactors

A

Calcium
Magnesium

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11
Q

Electrolytes: regulation of ATPase-ion pumps

A

Magnesium

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12
Q

Electrolytes: Neuromuscular excitability

A

Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium

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13
Q

Electrolytes that both functions in myocardial rhythm and contractility and neuromuscular excitability

A

Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium

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14
Q

Electrolytes: production and use of ATP from glucose

A

Magnesium
Phosphate

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15
Q

Electrolytes: Acid-base balance maintenance

A

Bicarbonate
Potassium
Chloride
Phosphate

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16
Q

Electrolytes: DNA replication and mRNA translation

A

Magnesium

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17
Q

a type of active transport

A

ATPase-ion pumps

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18
Q

DNA —> mRNA

A

transcription

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19
Q

mRNA —> Protein

A

translation

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20
Q

solvent for ALL processes in the body

A

water

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21
Q

approx. % of water in a human body

A

40-75% (42L)

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22
Q

Locations of water in the body

A

Intracellular fluid
Extracellular fluid
Intravascular fluid
Interstitial fluid

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23
Q

fluid inside the cell

A

intracellular

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24
Q

fluid outside the cell

A

extracellular

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25
Q

which among the two has the most amount of fluid?
• intracellular
• extracellular

A

intracellular (65% of the total water or 2/3) - approx. 28 L

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26
Q

which among the two has the least amount of fluid?
• intracellular
• extracellular

A

extracellular (35% of the total water or 1/3) - approx. 14 L

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27
Q

fluid inside the vessel
PLASMA (unclotted part of blood) - 93% water

A

intravascular

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28
Q

fluid in gaps between or surrounding the cells

A

interstitial

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29
Q

interstitial fluids retained for a volume of 3 L results to what condition?

A

Edema (fluid retention in tissues)

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30
Q

4 physiologic functions of WATER

A
  1. transports nutrients to cells
  2. cell volume determination by its transport in and out of the cell
  3. waste products removal - URINE
  4. body’s natural coolant - SWEAT
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31
Q

hormone that plays an important role in removal of waste products such as urine

A

vasopressin

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32
Q

natural coolant of the body that contains electrolytes

A

sweat

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33
Q

electrolytes found in SWEAT and its values

A

Sodium = 50 mmol/L
Potassium = 5 mmol/L

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34
Q

maintains electrolytes concentration within cells and in plasma

A

ion transport mechanisms

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35
Q

2 mechanisms of ion transport

A

Active transport
Passive transport (diffusion)

36
Q

promotes entry and exit of electrolytes in the cells

A

ion transport mechanisms

37
Q

ENERGY-REQUIRING transport mechanism to move ion across cellular membrane

A

active transport
(example: Sodium-Potassium-ATPase pump)

38
Q

NON-ENERGY REQUIRING transport mechanism

A

passive transport or diffusion

39
Q

only requirements for passive transport

A

size
charge

40
Q

concentration of solutes per kg solvent

A

osmolality (mOsm/Kg)

41
Q

Conditions where osmolality is unaffected

A

hyperlipidemia
hyperproteinemia
alcohol
mannitol

42
Q

major contributor to osmolality

A

sodium (90%)

43
Q

plays a role for about 90% of osmotic activity in plasma

A

sodium and its anions

44
Q

normal plasma osmolality value

A

275-295 mOsm/kg plasma water

45
Q

osmolality when SODIUM is increased

A

hyperosmolality

46
Q

osmolality when SODIUM is decreased

A

hypoosmolality

47
Q

RAAS means

A

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

48
Q

included in renal function test and is activated due to HYPOVOLEMIA (low blood volume)

A

RAAS

49
Q

system responsible for maintaining blood volume

A

RAAS

50
Q

body’s normal mechanism to normalize osmolality

A

hypothalamic functions:
• promoting THIRST
• promote decreased vasopressin

51
Q

major defense against hyperosmolality

A

thirst

52
Q

increase in SODIUM leads to (increased/decreased) water?

A

INCREASED WATER
(where sodium goes, water follows)

53
Q

increased sodium leads to hypervolemia or hypovolemia?

A

hypervolemia (increased water vol in blood) leading also to high blood pressure

54
Q

blood pressure is proportional or inversely proportional to blood volume?

A

BP = Blood volume

55
Q

hyperosmolality due to decreased water intake leads to (increased/decreased) plasma solute

A

increase plasma solute

56
Q

does increased plasma solute promote thirst?

A

yes, there a decreased water intake

followed by promoting VASOPRESSIN (ADH) to conserve water since there is already decreased water in the body

57
Q

mechanism to normalize osmolality when there is decreased water intake leading to increased plasma solute (hyperosmolality)

A

• promote THIRST
• promote VASOPRESSIN to prevent urination and conserve water

58
Q

mechanism to normalize osmolality when there is increased water intake or HYPOOSMOLALITY

A

since it decreases plasma solute, it leads to:

• prevention of vasopressin production
• NO THIRST promotion

59
Q

mechanism to normalize osmolality when there is increased water intake leading to HYPOOSMOLALITY and decreased plasma solute

A

• prevent VASOPRESSIN production (to increase urination)
• NO THIRST promotion

60
Q

In RAAS, low BP and plasma Na leads to?

A

renin secretion

61
Q

site where RENIN is secreted

A

renal glomeruli

62
Q

converts Angiotensinogen —> Angiotensin I

A

Renin

63
Q

converts Angiotensin I —> Angiotensin II in the lungs

A

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme

64
Q

specific factor in RAAS that increases BP and blood volume

A

Angiotensin II
(has 4 mechanisms)

65
Q

site of conversion of Angiotensin I —> Angiotensin II

A

lungs

66
Q

4 mechanism of Angiotensin II to increase blood pressure and volume

A
  1. vasoconstriction
  2. PCT sodium reabsorption
  3. Secretion of Aldosterone
  4. Secretion of ADH
67
Q

part of nephron where majority of Na is reabsorbed; facilitates reabsorption of essential substances

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

68
Q

site that secretes aldosterone

A

adrenal cortex

69
Q

function of aldosterone in RAAS

A

Na reabsorption in DCT

70
Q

site that secretes ADH

A

hypothalamus

71
Q

other names of ADH

A

vasopressin
arginine vasopressin hormone

72
Q

function of ADH in RAAS

A

water resorption in collecting duct

73
Q

Vasopressin (ADH) deficient causes this condition

A

POLYURIA (increased urination)

  • since vasopressin presence normally PREVENTS urination
  • without vasopressin, there will be no hindering factor for urinating
74
Q

volume of urine needed to be considered as POLYURIA

A

10-20L/day of urine

75
Q

site that secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

adrenal medulla

76
Q

low blood volume
low BP
low plasma Na

A

hypovolemia

77
Q

factor that responds to HYPERVOLEMIA by promoting sodium excretion and vasodilation

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
B-type Natriuretic Peptide

78
Q

If sodium is excreted during hypervolemia, what will happen to water?

A

water will also be EXCRETED

79
Q

process of sodium excretion in urine

A

natriuresis

80
Q

stimulates secretion of vasopressin independent of osmolality

A

blood volume receptors

81
Q

vasopressin secretion retain or excrete water?

A

RETAINS WATER (prevents urination)

82
Q

GFR when there is hypervolemia with increased blood volume and water (hypoosmolality)

A

increased GFR

83
Q

GFR when there is hypovolemia with decreased blood volume and water (hyperosmolality)

A

decreased GFR

84
Q

During hypoosmolality, ADH secretion is prevented or activated?

A

prevented
(to increase urination & lower water volume)

85
Q

During hyperosmolality, ADH secretion is prevented or activated?

A

activated
(to prevent urination & retain water in the body since water volume is decreased)

86
Q

osmolality during dehydration

A

hyperosmolality

Clinical Chemistry 2 - CEUMLS (3 decks)

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