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Making drugs into medicines ☆ > Introduction to dosage forms > Flashcards

Introduction to dosage forms Flashcards

1
Q

What is an API (1)

A

active pharmaceutical ingredient, i.e. drug(s)

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2
Q

What is an excipient (1)

A

non-drug ingredients

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3
Q

What is pharmaceutics (1)

A

formulation processes following drug design/synthesis to convert a drug into a dosage form/medicine

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4
Q

What do dosage forms do (7)

A
  1. Allow a drug to be delivered to the body.
  2. Enable desired and predictable therapeutic response to be achieved.
  3. Result of excipients used
  4. Allow controlled drug release.
  5. Preserve drug integrity/stability.
  6. Mask the taste of offensive drugs.
  7. Drug administered → Drug absorbed into the body → drug transported to the site of action → correct concentration at site → Therapeutic outcome
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5
Q

What do excipients do (9)

A
  1. Enhance effectiveness
  2. Improve aesthetics
  3. Act as coatings
  4. Alter physical properties
  5. Solubilise/suspend drug.
  6. Dilute/thicken product.
  7. Emulsify product
  8. Stabilise product
  9. Preserve products
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6
Q

What are the types of dosage forms (14)

A
  1. Tablets
  2. Capsules
  3. Lozenges/pastilles
  4. Powders
  5. Granules
  6. Suspensions
  7. Solutions
  8. Emulsions
  9. Inhalers
  10. Creams
  11. Ointments
  12. Gels
  13. Pastes
  14. Adhesive patches
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7
Q

What can the routes of administration be classified into (3)

A
  1. Entry by overcoming mucosal membranes
  2. Entry by overcoming the skin barrier (‘topical’ route)
  3. Direct entry into the body (the parenteral route)
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8
Q

What are the mucosal membranes’ routes of administration (8)

A
  1. Oral
  2. Buccal / Sublingual
  3. Pulmonary (Inhaled)
  4. Rectal
  5. Vaginal
  6. Nasal
  7. Ear (Aural)
  8. Eye (Ocular)
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9
Q

What are the parenteral (injection/infusion) routes of administration (8)

A
  1. Intravenous
  2. Intradermal
  3. Intramuscular
  4. Subcutaneous
  5. Intracardiac
  6. Intrathecal
  7. Intraarticular
  8. Epidural
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10
Q

What is the skin barrier route of administration (1)

A

Transdermal

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11
Q

What are the advantages of the oral route of administration (4)

A
  1. Simple to manufacture & use
  2. Suitable for most drugs
  3. Convenient
  4. Safe
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12
Q

What are the disadvantages of the oral route of administration (5)

A
  1. Relatively slow onset of action
  2. Potential for irregular absorption
  3. Drug degradation by acid/enzymes
  4. Hepatic first-pass metabolism
  5. Food effects
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13
Q

What are the advantages of tablet administration (4)

A
  1. Popular dosage form
  2. Acceptable to the general population
  3. Cheap & simple to manufacture
  4. It can be used to modify drug release.
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14
Q

What are the disadvantages of tablet administration (4)

A
  1. Potentially slow onset of action
  2. Not suitable for all drugs
  3. Large tablets are sometimes required (potential discomfort, damage)
  4. You may have to mask drugs with unpleasant taste
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15
Q

What are the advantages of capsule administration (4)

A
  1. Popular & acceptable
  2. Versatile: may contain powder, granules, liquids, semi-solids…
  3. Cheap & simple to produce
  4. Easily coloured (identifiable/appealing)
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16
Q

What are the disadvantages of capsule administration (2)

A
  1. The shell must rupture/dissolve before the drug is released.
  2. Large drug quantities = large capsules
17
Q

What are the advantages of lozenges/pastilles administration (2)

A
  1. Easy to administer
  2. Can achieve localised effects in the mouth (e.g. antiseptic, anaesthetic, antibiotic)
18
Q

What are the disadvantages of lozenges/pastilles administration (1)

A

High sugar content may lead to dental caries.

19
Q

What are the advantages of powder/granules administration (2)

A
  1. Rapid onset of action
  2. Good alternative to tablets & capsules (particularly for high drug doses)
20
Q

What are the disadvantages of powder/granules administration (2)

A
  1. Not as convenient as tablets or capsules
  2. Loss of dosage form may result from handling.
21
Q

What are the oral liquid dosage forms (7)

A
  1. Solutions
  2. Suspensions
  3. Emulsions
  4. Linctuses
  5. Elixirs
  6. Mixtures
  7. Syrups
22
Q

What are the advantages of buccal/sublingual administration (3)

A
  1. Flexible: Local or systemic therapy
  2. Effective, rapid onset of action
  3. Circumvent disadvantages of the oral route.
23
Q

What are the disadvantages of buccal/sublingual administration (3)

A
  1. Often, short duration of action
  2. Require thorough patient counselling – it can be confusing.
  3. Unsuitable for children
24
Q

What are the rectal dosage forms (4)

A
  1. Suppositories
  2. Enemas
  3. Foams
  4. Ointments & creams
25
Q

What are the vaginal dosage forms (4)

A
  1. Pessaries (ovules, oval tablets)
  2. Douches (powders and solutions)
  3. Ointments, creams & gels
  4. Intra-uterine devices
26
Q

What are the advantages of pulmonary (inhalation) administration (3)

A
  1. Local or systemic drug delivery is possible
  2. Reduced dose required
  3. No hepatic first-pass metabolism (systemic delivery)
27
Q

What are the disadvantages of pulmonary (inhalation) administration (2)

A
  1. Good inhaler technique is essential.
  2. Particle size is important.
28
Q

What are the pulmonary dosage forms (4)

A
  1. Solutions
  2. Emulsions
  3. Suspensions
  4. Dry powder
29
Q

What are the nasal dosage forms (3)

A
  1. Drops
  2. Sprays
  3. Creams & ointments
30
Q

What are the ophthalmic dosage forms (3)

A
  1. Drops
  2. Lotions
  3. Ointments
31
Q

What are the otic dosage forms (3)

A
  1. Drops
  2. Sprays
  3. Creams
32
Q

What are the advantages of the transdermal route of administration (6)

A
  1. Local or systemic action possible
  2. Ease of administration
  3. Convenient
  4. Continuous drug release over time
  5. Improves patient compliance
  6. Avoids hepatic first-pass metabolism
33
Q

What are the disadvantages of the transdermal route of administration (6)

A
  1. Slow absorption rate from skin
  2. Absorption is potentially poor & erratic.
  3. Skin conditions can alter absorption.
  4. Only suitable for potent, lipid-soluble drugs
  5. Skin reactions possible
  6. Steady-state blood levels may cause tolerance.
34
Q

What are the types of transdermal dosage forms (5)

A
  1. Creams
  2. Ointments
  3. Gels
  4. Pastes
  5. Patches
35
Q

What are the parenteral routes of administration (8)

A
  1. Intramuscular
  2. Intravenous
  3. Subcutaneous
  4. Epidural
  5. Intrathecal
  6. Intracardiac
  7. Intra-articular
  8. Intradermal
36
Q

What are the parenteral dosage forms (5)

A
  1. Solutions
  2. Suspensions
  3. Emulsions
  4. Depots/implants
  5. STERILE
37
Q

What are the advantages of parenteral routes of administration (3)

A
  1. Good for drugs that can’t be given orally
  2. Deliver drugs to an unconscious patient.
  3. Rapid absorption – emergencies
38
Q

What are the disadvantages of parenteral routes of administration (3)

A
  1. Requires trained personnel
  2. Poor patient acceptability
  3. Complex formulation (isotonic & pyrogen free)

Making drugs into medicines ☆ (13 decks)

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