Introduction to Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer Flashcards
What is the most common cause of disease-related death in children in the UK?
Cancer.
List the two most common childhood cancers.
1 - Leukaemia.
2 - CNS cancers.
How many new cases of cancer are diagnosed per year in the UK?
How many of these diagnoses are made in people under the age of 16?
- 357,000.
- 1,500 are under the age of 16.
How many new cases of cancer are diagnosed per year in the UK?
How many of these diagnoses are made in people under the age of 16?
- 357,000.
- 1,500 are <16.
What proportion of adult cancers are diagnosed at a late stage?
Half.
Which adult cancer is increasing in mortality at the highest rate?
Liver cancer.
List 5 common presenting symptoms of lung cancer.
1 - Breathlessness.
2 - Cough.
3 - Pain.
4 - Loss of appetite.
5 - Haemoptysis.
List 6 common presenting symptoms of colorectal cancer.
1 - Changes in bowel habits.
2 - Bright red or dark blood in the stool.
3 - Discomfort in the abdomen.
4 - Unexplained weight loss.
5 - Anaemia.
6 - Tenesmus.
List 5 investigations used in the diagnosis of cancer.
Which of these investigations is required to be positive before treatment is initiated?
1 - History taking.
2 - Physical examination.
3 - Imaging.
4 - Blood tests.
5 - Tissue biopsy (required before treatment is initiated).
Why might Horner syndrome be reason to investigate for cancer outside of the head and neck region?
Because it is indicative of spread to the head and neck.
Why might Horner syndrome be reason to investigate for lung cancer?
Because it is indicative of spread
List 3 methods that encourage early diagnosis of cancer.
1 - Screening programmes.
2 - Public awareness of symptoms.
3 - Faster referrals.
What is the average wait for referral to cancer specialists from a GP?
2 weeks.
What is the average wait for referral to cancer specialists from a GP?
2 weeks.
What do the letters of the TNM staging system of cancer mean?
- T = size of the primary tumour (subcategories depend on the type of tumour).
- N = status of lymph node metastases.
- M = presence or absence of metastases.
- G = the histological grade of the tumour.