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Developmental Biology Lecture > Introduction to Development > Flashcards

Introduction to Development Flashcards

1
Q

Biologist use _ to study development, chosen for the ease with which they can be studied in the laboratory

A

model organisms

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2
Q

formation of a diploid zygote from a haploid egg and sperm

A

Fertilization

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3
Q

triggered when the sperm meets the egg

A

acrosomal reaction

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4
Q

located at the tip of the sperm; it releases hydrolytic enzymes that digest material surrounding the egg

A

acrosome

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5
Q

what kind of enzyme does the acrosome release to digest material surrounding the egg?

A

hydrolytic enzymes

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6
Q

Gamete contact and/or fusion depolarizes the egg cell membrane and sets up a _

A

fast block to polyspermy

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7
Q

seconds after the sperm binds to the egg, vesicles just beneath the egg plasma membrane release their contents and form a fertilization envelope

A

cortical reaction

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8
Q

fertilization envelope formed in the cortical reaction acts as the

A

slow block to polyspermy

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9
Q

The cortical reaction requires a high concentration of _ in the egg

A

Ca2+ ions

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10
Q

Cortical reaction is triggered by a change in _ concentration

A

Ca2+

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11
Q

spread across the egg correlates with the appearance of the fertilization envelope

A

Ca2+

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12
Q

The rise in Ca2+ in the _ increases the rates of cellular respiration and protein synthesis by the egg cell

A

cytosol

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13
Q

The rise in Ca2+ in the _ increases the rates of cellular respiration and protein synthesis by the egg cell. With these rapid changes in metabolism, the egg is said to be __

A

activated

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14
Q

It is when the proteins and mRNas needed for activation are already present in the egg

A

Egg Activation

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15
Q

secretions in the mammalian female reproductive tract alter sperm motility and structure

A

capacitation

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16
Q

True or False: capacitation must occur before sperm are able to fertilize an egg

A

True

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17
Q

extracellular matrix of the egg

A

zona pellucida

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18
Q

When the sperm binds a receptor in the zona pellucida, it triggers _

A

slow block to polyspermy

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19
Q

True or False: No fast block to polyspermy has been identified in mammals

A

True

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20
Q

In mammals, the first cell division occurs _ after sperm binding

A

12-36 hours

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21
Q

forms after the first division of the zygote

A

diploid nucleus

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22
Q

Fertilization is followed by _, a period of rapid cell division without growth

A

cleavage

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23
Q

partitions the cytoplasm of one large cell into smaller cells called blastomeres

A

Cleavage

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24
Q

Cleavage partitions the cytoplasm of one large cell into many smaller cells called _

A

blastomeres

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25
Q

ball of cells with a fluid-filled cavity called blastocoel

A

blastula

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26
Q

fluid filled cavity of a blastula

A

blastocoel

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27
Q

stored nutrients

A

yolk

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28
Q

key factor influencing the pattern of cleavage

A

distribution of yolk

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29
Q

_ has more yolk while _ has less yolk

A

vegetal pole - more yolk
animal pole - less yolk

30
Q

results in animal and vegetal hemispheres that differ in appearance

A

difference in yolk distribution

31
Q

first two cleavage furrows in the frog form

A

four equally sized blastomeres

32
Q

the third cleavage is assymetric, forming _

A

unequally sized blastomeres

33
Q

complete division of the egg, occurs in species whose eggs have little or moderate amounts of yolk

A

holoblastic cleavage

34
Q

incomplete division of the egg, occurs in species with yolk-rich eggs

A

meroblastic cleavage

35
Q

give examples of organisms that have holoblastic cleavage

A

sea urchins and frogs

36
Q

give organisms that undergoes meroblastic cleavage

A

reptiles and birds

37
Q

Animal embryos complete cleavage when the ratio of material in the _ relative to the _ is sufficiently large

A

nucleus; cytoplasm

38
Q

Animal embryos complete cleavage when the ratio of material in the nucleus relative to the cytoplasm is sufficiently _

39
Q

True or False: After cleavage, the rate of cell division slows and the normal cell cycle is restored

40
Q

process by which cells occupy their appropriate locations

A

morphogenesis

41
Q

movement of cells from the blastula surface to the interior of the embryo

A

Gastrulation

42
Q

formation of organs

A

organogenesis

43
Q

rearranges the cells of a blastula into a three-layered embryo

A

Gastrulation

44
Q

three layered embryo

45
Q

three layers produced by gastrulation are called

A

embryonic germ layers

46
Q

What are the three embryonic germ layers?

A

ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

47
Q

forms the outer layer

48
Q

lines the digestive tract

49
Q

partly fills the space between the endoderm and ectoderm

50
Q

Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

epidermis of skin

51
Q

Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

sweat glands

52
Q

Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

hair follicles

53
Q

Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

Nervous and Sensory systems

54
Q

Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

Pituitary gland

55
Q

Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

adrenal medulla

56
Q

Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

jaws and teeth

57
Q

Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

germ cells

58
Q

Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

skeletal system

58
Q

Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

muscular system

59
Q

Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

circulatory system

60
Q

Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

lymphatic system

61
Q

Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

excretory system

62
Q

Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

reproductive system

63
Q

Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

dermis of skin

64
Q

Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

adrenal cortex

65
Q

Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

epithelial lining of digestive tract and associated organs

66
Q

Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

epithelial lining of respiratory, excretory, and reproductive tracts, and ducts

67
Q

Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

thymus, thyroid, and parathyroid glands

68
Q

newly formed cavity

A

archenteron

69
Q

archenteron opens through the _ which will become the anus

A

blastopore

Developmental Biology Lecture (4 decks)

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