Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Dermatology (Y3) > Introduction to Dermatology > Flashcards

Introduction to Dermatology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

What are the 3 layers of the skin?

A
  1. Epidermis
  2. Dermis
  3. Subcutis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 4 layers of the epidermis?

A
  1. stratum corneum
  2. stratum granulosum (granular cell layer)
  3. stratum spinosum (spiny layer)
  4. stratum basale (basal cell layer)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What cell makes up most of the epidermis?

A

It is the uppermost layer of the skin and is mostly keratinocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is found in the stratum basale?

What is its purpose?

A
  • source of epidermal stem cells
  • site of cell division
  • contains melanocytes (which produce the pigment melanin)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is found in the stratum spinosum and what is its function?

A
  • central layer of epidermis
  • contains desmosomal junctions that link keratinocytes together
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is found in the stratum granulosum?

What is its function?

A
  • cells contain keratohyaline granules
  • keratinocytes produce and secrete lipid to prevent water loss from the skin
  • filaggrin protein retains water within keratinocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is found in the stratum corneum and what is its function?

A
  • desquamating keratinocytes forming a flattened keratinised cell layer
  • acts as a barrier
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How long does the process of cell migration from the stratum basale to stratum corneum take?

A

around 30 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which parts of the body contain an additional fifth layer of epidermis?

A

areas of thick skin such as the palms of the hands and soles of the feet

this 5th layer is the stratum lucidum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is found in the stratum lucidum and where is it?

A

it is between the stratum granulosum and stratum corneum

it is paler and contains compact keratin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 2 different components of the dermis?

A
  • Papillary dermis
  • Reticular dermis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How thick is the dermis?

What comprises most of this layer?

A
  • 1 - 4mm thick
  • mostly made up of collagen
  • strong but flexible
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is found within the dermis?

A
  • fibroblasts
  • blood vessels
  • lymphatics
  • immune cells (mast cells)
  • nerves
  • skin appendages (sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair follicles)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the role of fibroblasts within the dermis?

A

production of collagen, elastin & glycosaminoglycans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the role of the dermal papillae within the dermis?

A

They increase the strength of the connection between the epidermis and dermis

The greater the folding, the stronger the connections made

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the main components of the papillary layer of the dermis?

A
  • fibroblasts
  • small numbers of adipocytes (fat cells)
  • phagocytes to fight infections that have breached the skin
  • lymphatic capillaries
  • nerve fibres
  • Meissner corpuscles (touch receptors)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why does the reticular layer of the dermis have a net-like appearance?

A

This is due to the tight meshwork of fibres

It contains both elastin and collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the main properties of the reticular layer of the skin?

A
  • well vascularised
  • rich sensory & sympathetic nerve supply
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the roles of collagen and elastin in the dermis?

A

Elastin:

  • elastin fibres provide elasticity to the skin, enabling movement
  • found in reticular layer

Collagen:

  • provide structure and tensile strength
  • binds water to keep the skin hydrated
  • found in both the papillary and reticular layers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the roles of the subcutis (hypodermis)?

A
  • separates dermis from deep underlying structures (fascia, muscle)
  • fat layer that provides insulation, energy, protection
  • improves skin mobility
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the 4 main skin appendages?

A
  • hair
  • nails
  • sebaceous glands
  • sweat glands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the role of sebaceous glands?

When do they become active?

A

Produce and secrete sebum for lubrication and waterproofing of the skin

Become active during puberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the 2 different types of sweat glands and the main difference between them?

A

Eccrine gland:

  • widespread across the whole body
  • open directly onto the skin surface

Apocrine gland:

  • found in the axillae & anogenital regions
  • open into hair follicles
  • become active during puberty
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is a pilosebaceous unit?

A

A unit containing:

  • hair shaft
  • hair follicle
  • sebaceous gland
  • arrector pili muscle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are these layers?

A
26
Q

What are the 6 main functions of the skin?

A
  1. thermoregulation (insulating hairs/fat, vasoconstriction/vasodilation, sweating)
  2. fluid balance (regulation of water loss)
  3. protection
  4. sensation (sensory neurones)
  5. Vitamin D synthesis
  6. aesthetics (cosmetic appearance)
27
Q

In what ways does the skin provide protection?

A

Physical Barrier:

  • mechanical, chemical & microbial stimuli

Immunological barrier:

  • to pathogens

Protection against UV light:

  • melanin production is involved in this
28
Q

What can skin failure lead to?

A
  • hyper- or hypothermia
  • fluid loss
  • dehydration
  • malabsorption
  • infection
  • skin cancer
  • death
29
Q

What are the four phases of wound healing?

A
  1. haemostasis
  2. inflammation
  3. proliferation-migration
  4. remodelling
30
Q

What is the main aim of the haemostasis phase of wound healing?

A

it begins at the onset of injury and aims to stop bleeding through coagulation

31
Q

What happens during the haemostasis phase of wound healing?

A
  • vasoconstriction occurs to restrict blood flow
  • platelet activation & aggregation occurs after they come into contact with collagen, which seals the break in the blood vessel wall
  • thrombin initiates formation of a fibrin mesh to trap platelets & form a clot
  • coagulation
32
Q

What is the main aim of the inflammatory phase of wound healing?

A

This focuses on destroying bacteria and removing debris to prepare the wound bed for the growth of new tissue

33
Q

What are the 2 main processes that occur during the inflammation phase of wound healing?

A

vasodilatation & phagocytosis

34
Q

What are the 2 main phagocytes involved in the inflammation phase of wound healing?

What are their roles?

A

Neutrophils:

  • destroy bacteria & remove debris
  • reach peak population 24hrs after injury & reduce greatly in numbers after 3 days

Macrophages:

  • enter after neutrophils & continue to clear debris
  • release growth factors
  • release proteins that attract immune cells to the wound to facilitate tissue repair
35
Q

How long does the inflammatory phase of wound repair usually last and what is it associated with?

A

lasts four to six days

associated with erythema, heat and pain

36
Q

What are the 3 main things that occur during the proliferation-migration phase of wound repair?

A
  1. granulation tissue formation
  2. angiogenesis
  3. re-epithelialisation
37
Q

What happens during the proliferation-migration phase of wound repair?

A
  • granulation tissue fills the wound bed with connective tissue
  • new blood vessels form
  • wound margins contract and pull toward the centre of the wound
  • epithelial cells arise from wound margins and migrate across the wound bed until the wound is covered with epithelium
38
Q

What happens during the maturation phase of wound healing?

A
  • new tissue slowly gains strength & flexibility
  • collagen fibres reorganise and tissue remodels & matures
  • scarring
39
Q

What is a lesion?

A

lesion refers to an area of altered skin

40
Q

What is meant by a rash?

A

a rash is an eruption on the skin

41
Q

What is the difference between a macule and a patch?

A
  • A macule is a small flat lesion
  • A patch is a larger flat lesion
42
Q

What is a papule?

A

a papule is a small, (<0.5cm diameter) solid, raised lesion

43
Q

What is a plaque?

A

A plaque is a larger (>0.5 cm diameter), scaly, raised lesion

44
Q

What is a nodule?

A

a nodule is a larger (>0.5cm diameter), solid, raised lesion with a deeper component

45
Q

What is a vesicle?

A

a small (<0.5cm diameter), raised, clear fluid-filled lesion

46
Q

What is a bulla?

A

larger (>0.5cm diameter), raised, clear fluid-filled lesion

47
Q

What is a pustule?

A

small (<0.5cm diameter) pus-filled lesion

48
Q

What is the difference between an erosion and an ulcer?

A

Erosion:

  • superficial
  • loss of some or all of the epidermis

Ulcer:

  • deep
  • complete loss of the epidermis and some of the dermis
49
Q

What is the difference between a scale and a crust?

A

Scale:

  • flakes of desquamated stratum corneum
  • silvery appearance

Crust:

  • dried exudate
50
Q

What is meant by excoriation?

A

epidermal loss due to trauma

51
Q

What is meant by lichenification?

A

thickening of the skin

52
Q

What is meant by scarring?

A

fibrosis

53
Q

What are the 5 different types of dermatological tests?

A
  1. simple excision
  2. skin scrapes / nail clippings / hair extraction
  3. skin swabs
  4. patch testing
  5. Doppler studies
54
Q

When are skin scrapes / nail clippings / hair extraction performed?

A

performed when fungal infection or scabies is suspected

55
Q

When is patch testing performed?

A

performed when contact allergic dermatitis is suspected

potential allergens are applied to the patient’s skin and they are observed over subsequent days for a reaction

56
Q

When are Doppler studies performed?

A

a Doppler can measure ankle brachial pressure index (ABPI) which can identify peripheral artery insufficiency

this is often measured in patients with leg ulcers

57
Q

What are the 3 methods used to take skin biopsies?

A
  • curettage
  • punch biopsy
  • ellipse biopsy
58
Q

What is involved in curettage?

A

a curette is used to remove a superficial skin lesion

59
Q

What is involved in a punch biopsy?

A

punch, forceps and scissors are used to obtain a full thickness skin sample (often 3-4mm)

the resulting wound is either left alone or sutured

60
Q

What is involved in an ellipse biopsy?

A

scalpel is used to remove larger and deeper areas of skin

resulting wound may require sutures, a skin flap or skin graft

61
Q
A

Dermatology (Y3) (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions