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Dermatology > Introduction to Dermatology > Flashcards

Introduction to Dermatology Flashcards

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Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

What is the largest organ in the body?

A

Skin

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2
Q

What are some skin adnexal structures?

A

Hair

Nails

Glands

Sensory structures

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3
Q

What are important functions of the skin?

A
  • Protection
  • Homeostasis
  • Transmission of sensation
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4
Q

What are the layers of the skin from superficial to deep?

A

Epidermis

Dermis

(then below but not part of the skin is the hypodermis)

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5
Q

What are the layers of the skin from superficial to deep (invidividual layers)?

A

Stratum corneum

Stratum lucidum

Stratum granulosum

Stratum spinosum

Stratum basale

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6
Q

What forms the stratum corneum?

A

Dead cells with a hard protein envelope

Cells contain keratin and are surrounded by lipids

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7
Q

What forms the stratum lucidum?

A

Dead cells lie within despersed keratohyalin

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8
Q

What forms the stratum granulosum?

A

Keratohyalin and a hard protein envolope

Lamellar bodies release lipids

Cells die

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9
Q

What forms the stratum spinosum?

A

Keratin fibres and lamellar bodies accumulate

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10
Q

What forms the stratum basale?

A

Cells divide by mitosis and some of the newly formed cells become the cells of the more superficial streta

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11
Q

What within the skin releases lipids?

A

Lamellar bodies

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12
Q

What is A?

A

Hyponychium

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13
Q

What is B?

A

Nail plate

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14
Q

What is C?

A

Lateral nailfold

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15
Q

What is D?

A

Nail bed

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16
Q

What is E?

A

Lunula

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17
Q

What is F?

A

Cuficle

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18
Q

What is G?

A

Proximal nailfold

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19
Q

What is H?

A

Nail matrix

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20
Q

What are the 3 different stages of the hair cycle?

A

Anagen

Catagen

Telogen

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21
Q

What is the anagen phase of hair cycle?

A

Active growing phase

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22
Q

What is the catagen phase of hair cycle?

A

2-3 week phase growth stops/follicles shrink

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23
Q

What is the telogen phase of hair cycle?

A

Resting phase for 1-4 months

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24
Q

How long does the telogen phase of hair cycle last?

A

1-4 months

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25
Q

How long does the catagen phase of hair growth last?

A

2-3 weeks

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26
Q

During what phase of the hair cycle is most hair in?

A

Anagen (80-90% hair)

Telogen (up to 10% of hair)

Categen (1-3% of hair)

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27
Q

What are some functions of the skin?

A
  • Thermoregulation
    • Insulation, heat transfer
  • Skin immune system
    • Innate and adaptive functions
  • Barrier
    • Protects against mechanical, chemical, microorganisms, UV light
    • Keep in water and electrolytes, macromolecules
  • Sensation
    • Temperature, touch and pain
  • Vitamin D synthesis
    • UV light converts 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholecalciferol
  • Interpersonal communication
    • Physical appearance, smell, self-identity
28
Q

The skin acts as a barrier to protect against what?

A

Mechanical, chemical, microorgasms and UV light

29
Q

What kinds of sensations does the skin transmit?

A

Temperature

Touch

Pain

30
Q

How does the skin perform vitamin D synthesis?

A

UV light converts 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholecalciferol

31
Q

How much of skin disease is skin cancer/lesions?

A

50%

32
Q

Why is skin disease important?

A
  • Disfigurement
  • Discomfort
  • Disability
  • Depression
  • Death
33
Q

What are some causes of skin disease?

A
  • External
    • Temperature
      • Cold injury
        • Frostbite, chilblains
        • Skin necrosis
        • Cold urticaria
    • UV
      • Called photosensitivity
      • Commonly caused by medications
      • Exposed sites affected
      • Can be sensitive to UVA, UVB, visible light or a combination
    • Chemical
    • Infection (allergen or irritant)
    • Trauma
      • Dermatitis artefacta (skin lesions solely produced by patients own actions)
  • Internal
    • Systemic disease
    • Genetics
    • Drugs
      • Think of OTC drugs
    • Infection
    • Autoimmune
      • Bullous pemphigoid
34
Q

What can cold injuries to the skin cause?

A

Frostbite, chilblains

Skin necrosis

Cold urticaria

35
Q

What are chilblains?

A

Small lesions caused by inflammation of small blood vessels due to exposure to cold air

36
Q

What is cold urticaria?

A

Disorder where hives (urticaria) or large red welts form on the skin after exposure to a cold stimulus

37
Q

What is a skin lesion solely produced by patients own actions called?

A

Dermatitis artefacta

38
Q

What is an example of an autoimmune skin disease?

A

Bullous pemphigoid

39
Q

What is the morphology of a skin lesion?

A

Appearance of a skin lesion

40
Q

How big is a “small” skin lesion?

A

Typically means less than 5mm

41
Q

What are some descriptive words for skin lesions?

A
  • Macule
    • Small circumscribed area
  • Patch
    • Larger circumscribed area
  • Papule
    • Small raised area
  • Plaque
    • Larger raised area
  • Vesicle
    • Small fluid filled
  • Bulla
    • Large fluid filled
  • Pustule
    • Small pus filled
  • Abscess
    • Large pus filled
  • Erosion
    • Loss of epidermis
  • Ulcer
    • Loss of epidermis and dermis
42
Q

What is a macule?

A

Small circumscribed area

43
Q

What is a patch?

A

Larger circumscribed area

44
Q

What is a papule?

A

Small raised area

45
Q

What is a plaque?

A

Larger raised area

46
Q

What is a vesicle?

A

Small fluid filled lesion

47
Q

What is a bulla?

A

Large fluid filled lesion

48
Q

What is a pustule?

A

Small pus filled lesion

49
Q

What is an abscess?

A

Large pus filled lesion

50
Q

What is an erosion?

A

Loss of epidermis

51
Q

What is an ulcer?

A

Loss of epidermis and dermis

52
Q

What is a lesion?

A

A region in an organ or tissue which has suffered damage through injury or disease

53
Q

What does distribution of a lesion refer to?

A

How skin lesions are scattered or spread out

54
Q

What are the different kinds of distributions of lesions?

A

Isolated or multiple

55
Q

What is used to describe skin lesions?

A

Morphology

Distribution

56
Q

What are some examples of common skin conditions?

A
57
Q

What are some examples of general conditions that can have cutaneous signs?

A
  • Erythema nodosum
  • Sarcoidosis
  • Vasculitis
  • Malignancy
  • Auto-immune conditions
58
Q

What does cutaneous mean?

A

Relating to or affecting the skin

59
Q

What is a skin sign of hyperlipidaemia?

A

Eruptive xanthoma

60
Q

What is acanthosis nigricans?

A

Brown to black, poorly defined, velvety hyperpigmentation of the skin

Hyperkeratosis and hyperpigmentation

61
Q

What is acanthosis nigricans associated with?

A
62
Q

What investigations should be done if bacterial infection is suspected for a skin condition?

A
  • Charcoal swab
  • Ask for MC&S
    • Microscopy
    • Culture
    • Sensitivities
63
Q

What investigations should be done if viral infection is suspected for a skin condition?

A
  • Viral swab for PCR
  • Can swab vesicle/bulla if vesicular eruption
  • If systemic illness, can take throat swab
64
Q

What investigations should be done if bacterial infection is suspected for a skin condition?

A
  • Skin scraping
  • Nail clipping
  • Hair sample
  • Fungal cultures
65
Q

What is a simple way to take a skin biopsy?

A

Punch biopsy

Dermatology (11 decks)

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