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Fundamentals of Database Systems > Introduction to Database and Transactions > Flashcards

Introduction to Database and Transactions Flashcards

1
Q

Organized collection of logically related data

A

Database

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2
Q

Stored representations of meaningful objects and events

A

Data

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3
Q

Two Classifications of Data

A
  1. Structured

2. Unstructured

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4
Q

Classification of data that are numbers, text, dates

A

Structured

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5
Q

Classification of data that are images, video, documents

A

Unstructured

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6
Q

Data processed to increase knowledge in the person using the data

A

Information

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7
Q

Data that describes the properties and context of user data

A

Metadata

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8
Q

Turn data into useful information that managers can use for decision making and interpretation

A

Graphical Displays

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9
Q

What are the 5 Disadvantages of File Processing?

A
  1. Program-Data Dependence
  2. Duplication of Data
  3. Limited Data Sharing
  4. Lengthy Development Times
  5. Excessive Program Maintenance
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10
Q

All programs maintain metadata for each file they use

A

Program-Data Dependence

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11
Q

Different systems/programs have separate copies of the same data

A

Duplication of Data

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12
Q

No centralized control of data

A

Limited Data Sharing

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13
Q

Programmers must design their own file formats

A

Lengthy Development Times

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14
Q

80% of information systems budget

A

Excessive Program Maintenance

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15
Q
  • Waste of space to have duplicate data

- Causes more maintenance headaches

A

Problems with Data Redundancy

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16
Q

What is the iggest problem of Problems with Data Redundancy?

A
  • Data changes in one file could cause inconsistencies

- Compromises in data integrity

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17
Q

What is the solution for Problems with Data Redundancy?

A

Database Approach

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18
Q
  • Central repository of shared data
  • Data is managed by a controlling agent
  • Stored in a standardized, convenient form
A

Database Approach

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19
Q

What is required in Database Approach?

A

Database Management System (DBMS)

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20
Q

A software system that is used to create, maintain, and provide controlled access to user databases

A

Database Management System

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21
Q

Contains employee,
order, inventory,
pricing, and
customer data

A

Central Database

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22
Q

What are the 10 Advantages of the Database Approach?

A
  1. Program-data Independence
  2. Planned Data Redundancy
  3. Improved Data Consistency
  4. Improved Data Sharing
  5. Increased Application Development Productivity
  6. Enforcement of Standards
  7. Improved Data Quality
  8. Improved Data Accessibility and Responsiveness
  9. Reduced Program Maintenance
  10. Improved Decision Support
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23
Q

What are the 5 Costs and Risks of the Database Approach?

A
  1. New, specialized personnel
  2. Installation and Management Cost and Complexity
  3. Conversion Costs
  4. Need for Explicit Backup and Recovery
  5. Organizational Conflict
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24
Q

What are the 4 Elements of the Database Approach?

A
  1. Data Models
  2. Entities
  3. Relationships
  4. Relational Databases
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25
Q

Graphical system capturing nature and relationship of data.

A

Data Models

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26
Q

Two Classifications of Data Models

A
  1. Enterprise Data Model

2. Project Data Model

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27
Q

Classification of data model that has a high-level entities and relationships for the organization.

A

Enterprise Data Model

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28
Q

Classification of data model that has more detailed view, matching data structure in database or data warehouse.

A

Project Data Model

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29
Q
  • Noun form describing a person, place, object, event, or concept
  • Composed of attributes
A

Entities

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30
Q
  • Between entities

- Usually one-to-many (1:M) or many-to-many (M:N)

A

Relationships

31
Q

Database technology involving tables (relations) representing entities and primary/foreign keys representing relationships.

A

Relational Databases

32
Q

9 Components of the Database Environment

A
  1. CASE Tools
  2. Repository
  3. Database Management System (DBMS)
  4. Database
  5. Application Programs
  6. User Interface
  7. Data/Database Administrators
  8. System Developers
  9. End Users
33
Q

Computer-aided software engineering

A

CASE Tools

34
Q

Centralized storehouse of metadata

A

Repository

35
Q

Software for managing the database

A

Database Management System (DBMS)

36
Q

Storehouse of the data

A

Database

37
Q

Software using the data

A

Application Programs

38
Q

Text and graphical displays to users

A

User Interface

39
Q

Personnel responsible for maintaining the database

A

Data/Database Administrators

40
Q

Personnel responsible for designing databases and software

A

System Developers

41
Q

People who use the applications and databases

A

End Users

42
Q
  • First step in the database development process
  • Specifies scope and general content
  • Overall picture of organizational data at high level of abstraction
  • Entity-relationship diagram
  • Descriptions of entity types
  • Relationships between entities
  • Business rules
A

Enterprise Model

43
Q

Two Approaches to Database and IS Development

A
  1. SDLC

2. Prototyping

44
Q
  • Detailed, well-planned development process
  • Time-consuming, but comprehensive
  • Long development cycle
A

SDLC (System Development Life Cycle)

45
Q
  • Cursory attempt at conceptual data modeling
  • Define database during development of initial prototype
  • Repeat implementation and maintenance activities with new prototype versions
A

Prototyping with the use of Rapid Application Development (RAD)

46
Q

Part in Systems Development Life Cycle

Purpose: preliminary understanding
Deliverable: request for study
Database Activity: enterprise modeling and early conceptual data modeling

A

Planning

47
Q

Part in Systems Development Life Cycle

Purpose: thorough requirements analysis and structuring
Deliverable: functional system specifications
Database Activity: thorough and integrated conceptual data modeling

A

Analysis

48
Q

Part in Systems Development Life Cycle

Purpose: information requirements elicitation and structure
Deliverable: detailed design specifications
Database Activity: logical database design (transactions, forms, displays, views, data integrity and security)

A

Logical Design

49
Q

Part in Systems Development Life Cycle

Purpose: develop technology and organizational specifications
Deliverable: program/data structures, technology purchases, organization redesigns
Database Activity: physical database design (define database to DBMS, physical data organization, database processing programs)

A

Physical Design

50
Q

Part in Systems Development Life Cycle

Purpose: programming, testing, training, installation, documenting
Deliverable: operational programs, documentation, training materials
Database Activity: database implementation, including coded programs, documentation, installation and conversion

A

Implementation

51
Q

Part in Systems Development Life Cycle

Purpose: monitor, repair, enhance
Deliverable: periodic audits
Database Activity: database maintenance, performance analysis and tuning, error corrections

A

Maintenance

52
Q

Prototyping Database Methodology:

  • Analyze requirements
  • Develop preliminary data model
A

Conceptual Data Modeling

53
Q

Prototyping Database Methodology:

  • Analyze requirements in detail
  • Integrate database views into conceptual data model
A

Logical Database Design

54
Q

Prototyping Database Methodology:

  • Define new database contents to DBMS
  • Decide on physical organization for new data
  • Design database processing programs
A

Physical Database Design and Definition

55
Q

Prototyping Database Methodology:

  • Code database processing
  • Install new database contents, usually from existing data sources
A

Database Implementation

56
Q

Prototyping Database Methodology:

  • Analyze database to ensure it meets application needs
  • Fix errors in database
A

Database Maintenance

57
Q

Prototyping Database Methodology:

  • Analyze database for improved performance
  • Fix errors in database
A

Database Maintenance

58
Q

3 Database Schema

A
  1. External Schema
  2. Conceptual Schema
  3. Internal Schema
59
Q

Classification of Database Schema:

  • User Views
  • Subsets of Conceptual Schema
  • Can be determined from business-function/data entity matrices
  • DBA determines schema for different users
A

External Schema

60
Q

Classification of Database Schema:

  • E-R models
A

Conceptual Schema

61
Q

Classification of Database Schema:

  • Logical structures
  • Physical structures
A

Internal Schema

62
Q

2 Structures of Internal Schema

A
  1. Logical Structures

2. Physical Structures

63
Q

A planned undertaking of related activities to reach an objective that has a beginning and an end

A

Project

64
Q

Who are involved in managing projects? (9)

A
  1. Business Analysts
  2. Systems Analysts
  3. Database Analysts and Data Modelers
  4. Users
  5. Programmers
  6. Database Architects
  7. Data Administrators
  8. Project Managers
  9. Other technical experts
65
Q

Evolution of Database Systems is driven by Four Main Objectives:

A
  1. Need for program-data independence -> reduced maintenance
  2. Desire to manage more complex data types and structures
  3. Ease of data access for less technical personnel
  4. Need for more powerful decision support platforms
66
Q

2 Enterprise Applications

A
  1. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)

2. Data Warehousing Implementations

67
Q

Three-tiered Client/Server Database Architecture:

  • Database of vendors, purchase orders, vendor invoices
A

Accounts Payable Processing Browser

68
Q

Three-tiered Client/Server Database Architecture:

  • Database of customer receipts and our payments to vendors
A

Cash Flow Analyst Browser

69
Q

Three-tiered Client/Server Database Architecture:

  • No local database
A

Customer Service Representative Browser

70
Q

Three-tiered Client/Server Database Architecture:

  • A/P, A/R, order processing, inventory control, and so forth; access and connectivity to DBMS, Dynamic Web pages; management of session
A

Application/Web Server

71
Q

Three-tiered Client/Server Database Architecture:

  • Transaction databases containing all organizational data or summarizes of data on department servers
A

Enterprise Server with DBMS

72
Q

Enterprise database application that integrate all enterprise functions (manufacturing, finance, sales, marketing, inventory, accounting, human resources)

A

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)

73
Q

Enterprise database application that Integrated decision support system derived from various operational databases.

A

Data Warehouse

Fundamentals of Database Systems (4 decks)

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