Introduction To CV Anatomy & Clinical Imaging

Question 1

How many valves are present in the heart ?

Answer 1

4

Question 2

What are atrioventricular valves ?

Answer 2

Valves that are located between the atria and ventricles

Question 3

What are the two atrioventricular valves called ?

Answer 3

Tricuspid valve ( located on the right side of the heart)

Bicuspid ( mitral) valve located on the left side of the heart

Question 4

What are the semi-lunar valves called ?

Answer 4

Aortic valve which is located between the aorta and ventricles on the left side of the heart

Pulmonary valve which is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary arteries

Question 5

What are the two arteries called that branch off from the ascending aorta ?

Answer 5

• right coronary artery

- left coronary artery

Question 6

What two arteries branch from the Left arch of the aorta ?

Answer 6

• left subclavian artery

- left common carotid artery

Question 7

What two arteries branch from the right arch of the aorta ?

Answer 7

• right common carotid artery

- right subclavian artery

Question 8

Function of the left subclavian artery

Answer 8

Supplies blood to the left arm

Question 9

Function of the right subclavian artery

Answer 9

Supplies blood to the right arm

Question 10

Function of the left and right common carotid artery

Answer 10

They branch into the internal and external carotid arteries

• the internal carotid arteries supply blood to the brain
• the external carotid arteries supply blood to the face and neck

Question 11

What is the branchiocephalic artery

Answer 11

An artery that branches off the aortic arch where the right common carotid artery and right subclavian artery branch off.

Question 12

In a 70kg man under resting conditions , what is the normal cardiac output ?

Answer 12

5L/min ( reference range is 4-6L/min)

Question 13

What is the equation for cardiac output

Answer 13

CO= heart rate x stroke volume

Question 14

In a normal 70kg man , what is the normal heart rate ?

Answer 14

60-90 beat per minute

Question 15

In a normal 70kg man , what is the normal stroke volume

Answer 15

55-83 ml/beat

Question 16

In a normal 70kg man , during exercise what is the heart rate ?

Answer 16

150-200bpm

Question 17

In a normal 70kg man during exercise , what is the stroke volume?

Answer 17

200ml/beat

Question 18

In a normal 70kg during exercise what is the normal cardiac output?

Answer 18

20-35 L/min

Question 19

What is trabeculae carnage?

Answer 19

Muscular ridges and columns on the inside walls of ventricles

Question 20

What are the consequences of accumulation of excess fluid in the pericardial sac?

Answer 20

• percardial effusion is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity , this leads to an increased intrapericardial pressure.
• this can result from inflammation of the pericardium in response to illness or injury,
• this can eventually lead to cardiac tamponade which is a severe compression of the heart that impairs its ability to function.

Question 21

Describe the relationship between the phrenic nerves and pericardium

Answer 21

• the left phrenic nerve passes over the left pericardium and then pierces the diaphragm separately
• on the right , the phrenic nerve lies on the anterior scalene muscle and crosses anterior to the 2nd part of the subclavian artery.

Question 22

What is the anterior interventricular artery? And what is it also known as

Answer 22

Branch of the left coronary artery

And anterior descending artery

Question 23

What is the great cardiac vein ?

Answer 23

Begins at the apex of the heart and ascends to the base of the ventricles - it is the largest of veins that drains into the coronary sinus.

Question 24

What is the preferred method to view a chest X-ray? AP or PA

Answer 24

PA ( posterior - anterior) - where the x-ray beams hit the posterior part of the chest first(back).

• this is because an AP chest x ray would produce an unclear image of the heart and mediastinum
• AP images are only used for patients who are very ill and cannot stand erect

Question 25

What are the three layers of the arteries ?

Answer 25

1) tunica externa ( adventitia)
2) tunica media
3) tunica intima

Question 26

Tunica intima

Answer 26

Made up of one layer of endothelial cells and is supported by internal elastic lamina.

• they are the ones in direct contact with blood flow

Question 27

Tunica media

Answer 27

Made up of smooth muscle cells , elastic tissue and collagen

• supported by an external elastic lamina

Question 28

Tunica adventitia

Answer 28

Made up of connective tissue ( collagen too)

Question 29

How do larger arteries differ from medium sized arteries and smaller arteries ?

Answer 29

Larger arteries contain a thicker tunica adventitia and thicker tunica media than medium sized arteries

• larger arteries are more elastic , whereas medium sized arteries are more muscular

Question 30

What type of connective tissues are found in the tunica adventitia?

Answer 30

Loose connective tissue

Question 31

What does the left coronary artery branch into ?

Answer 31

• anterior interventricular coronary artery ( Left anterior descending artery) and the circumflex artery

Question 32

What does the right coronary artery branch into ?

Answer 32

Right posterior descending artery (PDA) and acute marginal arteries