INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY

Question 1

A hierarchy of available criminal opportunities existing in a stable slum neighborhood

Answer 1

Criminal

Question 2

Disorganized slums undergoing invasion- succession or turnover of ethnic groups in which there are neither legitimate nor illegitimate opportunity struc- tures, the result being violence:

Answer 2

Conflict

Question 3

Neither legitimate nor illegitimate opportunities exist, individuals reject both means and ends and simply “drop out,” seeking status through “kicks” and “highs” of drug abuse

Answer 3

Retreatist

Question 4

This theory emphasizes criminality as a learned process

Answer 4

Social process theories

Question 5

Where does Social process theories originate from?

Answer 5

The Chicago School

Question 6

Robert Parks believed that_________

Answer 6

Freedom from group constraints also meant freedom from group supports.

Question 7

What are two examples of unplanned subcultures also called “natural areas”?

Answer 7

Examples of natural areas are ghettos and bohemias

Question 8

Shaw and McKay theorized that________.

Answer 8

Crime is due to social disorganization in pathological environments rather than deviant behavior of abnormal individuals.

Question 9

Define Criminology

Answer 9

Criminology is the science or discipline that studies crime and criminal behavior.

Question 10

Where was the science of Criminology founded?

Answer 10

Criminology, emerged in Europe in the late 1700s

Question 11

The term deviance refers to __________________.

Answer 11

The term deviance refers to behavior that’s outside the range of normal societal toleration.

Question 12

Sociologist William Graham Sumner identified three types of norms

Answer 12

Folkways are the least serious norms; they refer to customs that are preferred but not subject to serious sanctions, such as etiquette. Mores are more serious customs that involve moral judgment as well as sanctions. Laws represent formal modes of control, codified rules for behavior, and can be thought of as a “crystallization” of the mores.

Question 13

The term undercriminalization refers to_________.

Answer 13

a failure to prohibit acts that many feel are mala in se.

Question 14

Overcriminalization refers to___________.

Answer 14

overextending the criminalizing acts.

Question 15

Gemeinschaft societies

Answer 15

Are simple, homogenous, and have a normative consensus. They don’t need codes of law, as sacred tradition ensures understanding and control.

Question 16

when societies become more diverse, have greater division of labor, and have less complete normative consensus, they become__________.

Answer 16

Gesellschaft societies that need law to impose, via the state, control and order.

Question 17

Durkheim, suggest that________.

Answer 17

Crime may be a functional necessity in society.

Question 18

The consensus model is based on_________.

Answer 18

The idea that law reflects commonly held mores that are crystallized into law.

Question 19

The conflict model says__________.

Answer 19

Law is used by more powerful groups to preserve the status quo on behalf of the powerful.

Question 20

The interactionist approach holds that__________.

Answer 20

Criminality is a label or stigma attached by a societal reaction and that the labelers are engaging in moral entrepreneurship.

Question 21

There are four characteristics of criminal law:

Answer 21

• Political authority assumes the role of plaintiff.
• Criminal laws must specifically define crimes and punishments.
• Law must be uniformly applied.
• Penal sanctions are enforced through punishment
  administered by the state.

Question 22

For an act to be a crime, the following conditions are required:

Answer 22

• The act must be prohibited by law.
• A criminal act, actus reus, must have occurred.
• There must be injury to the state or the people.
• The act is performed with a blameworthy state of mind (mens rea, or guilty mind).
• The act directly or indirectly caused the harm.

Question 23

Crimes punishable by a year or more in prison.

Answer 23

Felonies

Question 24

Crimes punishable by less than a year in jail.

Answer 24

Misdemeanors