Introduction to Counseling Flashcards
Who defined counseling as: “The artful application of scientifically derived psychological knowledge and techniques for the purpose of changing human behavior.”?
Burke, 1989
Who defined counseling as: “A helping relationship that includes someone seeking help and someone willing to give help who is trained to help in a setting that permits help to be given and received.” ?
Cormier & Hackney, 1987
Who defined counseling as: “Consists of whatever ethical activities a counselor undertakes in an effort to help the client engage in those types of behavior which will lead to resolution of the client’s problems.” ?
Krumboltz, 1965
Who defined counseling as: “Is about finding meaning and purpose, overcoming obstacles in life, and developing innate potential—it is about what it means to be human.” ?
Archer & McCarthy, 2007
Who defined counseling as: “A relationship in which one of the parties has the intent of promoting the growth, development, maturity and improved functioning of the other.” ?
Carl Rogers, 1965
How is counseling a PROCESS?
It makes use of procedures to make meaningful contribution to the experience.
How is counseling a RELATIONSHIP?
It is characterized by trust, confidence and mutual respect to resolve difficulties, make plans and realize self-fulfillment
__________ + ___________ = Psychotherapy
Psyche, Therapia
What does “psyche” mean?
Soul/Spirit
What does “therapia” mean?
Healing/Medical treament
What was the first meaning of psychotherapy?
- Hypnotherapy
2. The treatment of disease by psychic methods
When psychotherapy was first recorded in 1853, what was it called?
Psychotherapeia, or the “remedial influence of mind”
The definition of psychotherapy as “the treatment of disorders of the mind or personality by psychological or psycho- physiological methods” or its modern meaning, was first used by who?
Frederic van Eeden in 1892
Who defined psychotherapy as “a situation in which two people interact and try to come to an understanding of one another, with the specific goal of accomplishing something beneficial for the complaining person”?
Bruch, 1981
What are the common forms of psychotherapy?
Spoken conversation Written word Artwork/Drawing Drama/Role-playing Narrative story Music Play
Counseling : less intensive :: Psychoherapy : _____________
Both intensive and extensive
Counseling is focused on __________, while psychotherapy is focused on ___________
Preventive mental health; Reparative intervention
GOALS
Counseling : _________________ :: Psychotherapy : ___________________
oriented towards education and developmental concerns ; generally remedial
WORKPLACE
Counseling : _________________ :: Psychotherapy : ___________________
educational settings ; hospital settings or in private practice
DURATION
Counseling : _________________ :: Psychotherapy : ___________________
12-15 sessions ; beyond 15 sessions (after counseling)
CHARACTERISTICS
Counseling : _________________ :: Psychotherapy : ___________________
educational, supportive, conscious, oriented in the present, with emphasis on the normal and “short- term” ; in- depth, analytical oriented in the past, emphasis on dysfunction and “long-term”
Common features of counselors and psychotherapists according to Frank (1973)
A counselor having a personal commitment to help clients
A counselor being given a certain degree of authority and thus inspiring faith and hope in clients
A counselor acting as a mediator between suffering clients and the larger society
A counselor helping clients release emotions, rethink problems and restore morale simply by listening in an empathic manner
A counselor offering a framework for change by providing an explanatory scheme that helps clients understand suffering
A counselor being actively involved in the process of change, over a number of sessions
Counselors convert psychological principles into teachable skills through _________.
Training
Effective counseling entails…
Improved relationships
Better coping skills
Personal growth
5 stages of counseling
Pre-contemplation stage Contemplation stage Preparation stage Action stage Maintenance stage
STAGES OF COUNSELING:
Clients don’t believe that they have a problem
Pre-contemplation stage
STAGES OF COUNSELING:
Clients know they have a problem but have not decided what they do about it
Contemplation stage
STAGES OF COUNSELING:
Made small steps toward change but aren’t really making serious attempt to change their behavior
Preparation stage
STAGES OF COUNSELING:
Working actively on change, are willing to commit time and energy, and typically have made progress toward their goals
Action stage
STAGES OF COUNSELING:
Focus on continuing progress and on efforts not to fall back into old patterns and behavior
Maintenance stage
Important Attributes of an Effective Counselor
Knowledge
Skills
Personal Qualities
Important Attributes of an Effective Counselor:
Concepts useful for understanding the helping functions (e.g., theories of human behavior)
Knowledge
Important Attributes of an Effective Counselor:
To communicate and work productively with others (Examples: listening –responding skills, showing empathy)
Skills
Important Attributes of an Effective Counselor:
Self-awareness, accurate self- concept, confidence, commitment, motivation and warmth
Personal Qualities
Two Important Skills of an Effective Counselor
Communication skills
Relationship Skills
Skills under communication skills
- Effective listening
- Responding skills
Skills under relationship skills
- Empathy
- Respect
- Genuineness
- Warmth
Personal Characteristics of Effective Counselors
- Psychological Health
- Self-awareness
- Respect and appreciate themselves
- Awareness of values
- Recognize and accept their own power
- Open to change
- Making choices that shape their lives
- Feel alive and their choice are life-oriented
- Sense of humor
- Make mistakes and are willing to admit them
- Live in the present
- Appreciate the influence of culture
- Genuine interest in the welfare of others
- Deeply involved in their work and derive meaning from it
- Empathic abilities
- Personal warmth
- Able to maintain healthy boundaries
Empathic Abilities:
Thinking ____ rather than thinking ____ and _____ the client.
With ; for ; about
Levels of Empathy
i. Communicates no awareness of even the most obvious feelings
ii. Communicates some awareness but meaning is distorted
iii. Responds with accurate understanding of surface feelings but may respond inappropriately to deeper feelings
iv. Communicates an understanding of the expressions of clients at a deeper level
v. “tuned in” to clients and responds with accuracy
Non-verbal cues of personal warmth
i. Tone of voice
ii. Facial expression
iii. Posture
iv. Eye contact
v. Touching
vi. Gestures
vii. Physical proximity
Is the ability to put oneself in the shoes of other people and see the world as they see it.
Empathy
Characteristics or conditions— both external and internal—that the client brings to therapy which can have strong impact on the recovery process
Client Resources
Client’s readiness for change, level of coping, personal/social skills, motivation, ego-strength, intelligence, psychological mindedness and past success in change effort
Internal Resources
Environmental variables such as social supports, financial resources and fortuitous events. Also include socio-cultural and diversity issues.
External Factors
Was originally described by Freud (1912) as an attachment of the patient to the analyst and the analyst’s “sympathetic understanding” of the client.
Therapeutic Alliance
Core conditions of therapeutic alliance according to Rogers
Empathy Respect Genuineness Warmth Goal consensus
The helping relationship is _________ when both personal and intense, relevant, and involves mutual commitment
Meaningful
The helping relationship involves ___________ when both parties disclose parts of themselves that produce feelings.
Feelings
