INTRODUCTION to CONTRAST MEDIA Flashcards
radiographic method of demonstrating certain anatomical features which lack natural contrast with the surrounding structures
special procedures
the instillation of a substance to produce structural contrast.
special procedures
delineating such organs are required and so as suitable contrast medium is employed.
Artificial methods
Are substances having a higher or lower atomic number than the surrounding tissues
Contrast Media
pharmaceuticals that increase the information content of diagnostic image.
Radiographic Contrast Media/Agents
Contrast Media/ Agents
Radiocontrast Agents
Enhance the contrast difference between the different tissues.
Radiographic Contrast Media/Agents
Contrast Media/ Agents
Radiocontrast Agents
type of medical contrast medium used to improve the visibility of internal bodily structures in an X-ray based imaging techniques such as Computed tomography (CT) or Radiography.
Radiographic Contrast Media/Agents
Contrast Media/ Agents
Radiocontrast Agents
Two types of Radiocontrast Agent Components (compounds)
Iodine, Barium compounds
Appears black on the film
Radiolucent
Appears white on the film
Radiopaque
administered to the patient that is either more radiopaque or more radiolucent than the surrounding tissue
Radiographic Contrast Media/Agents
Contrast Media/ Agents
Radiocontrast Agents
Contrast media assesses the _____(4), of the organs
size, shape, position and internal architecture
Properties of ideal contrast (4)
- Different ABSORPTIVE POWER from tissue, thereby producing effective radiographic contrast;
- No IRRITANT or TOXIC side effects;
- Accurate DELINEATION of the organ;
- PERSISTENCE for sufficient time to take radiographs;
Studies that produce more radiopaque information
Positive Contrast Studies
best way of detecting a small defect in the wall of the organ, as minor contrast leakage is easily seen
Positive contrast studies
coat the mucosal surface of a hollow organ such as the stomach, intestines, bladder
positive contrast
Positive Contrast studies produce radiopaque images, this is because the contrast has
high atomic number
combination of having contrasts with high and low atomic number
double contrast
the most common negative contrast is
air
Z of I
53
Z of Ba
56
when was BaSO4 introduced?
1896`
When were x-rays discovered?
November 8, 1895
who was the german pharmacist and medical student who introduced BaSO4?
Fritz Munk
Barium Sulphate was given as contrast to examine the G.I.T, it was first known to be…
the Reider Meal (Rieder sabi ng googol)
an opaque medium that opacify the alimentary tract and that this was likely to be a high density salt which would not be absorbed and which would be excreted unchanged at the end of the procedure.
Barium Sulphate
who proposed the descriptions of Barium as an ideal contrast agent for UGIT?
Bachem and Gunther
When was the proposal of Barium Sulphate happened?
1910
BaSO4 came from what type of minerals?
Barites
They are found in igneous rocks, limestone and hydrothermal ore veins, particularly those containing lead and silver.
Barites
Type of contrast medium that is administered to record the digestive system
Barium Sulphate
Major Deposits of Barites
usa germany spain russia
used to mix with barium sulphate
water
Contrast used for Large Bowel Investigation
Barium Enema
Contrast used for Oesophagael Investigation
Barium Swallow
Contrast used for Stomach Investigation
Barium Meal
Contrast used for Stomach and Small Bowel Investigation
Barium follow Through
an insoluble white powder is typically used for enhancing contrast in the GI tract
BaSO4
example of radiographic examination that uses air as contrast medium
Arthrogram (joint examination)
BaSO4 is ideal for G.I.T because of :
- Barium is an IDEAL radiographic contrast.
- Barium sulfate is NON-ABSORBABLE and NON - TOXIC.
- Barium sulfate can be prepared as a STABLE SUSPENSION.
most important variable of a barium suspension
CONCENTRATION
concentration is expressed in
wt/vol: grams of barium sulphate in 100mL of suspension
particle size is a property of BaSO4. What happens when the size is larger
It is preferred in Double contrast studies however it is more likely to sediment or undergo CAKING [pagbubuo - buo]
serve to reduce friction between the BaSO4 particles
Viscosity
shear stress with the different rates of stretchability of BaSO4 coated on the bowel lumen
thixotropy
property that contributes to the thinness and uniformity of the bowel mucosa coating
thixotropy
stabilizes, anti-caking, anti flocculation and anti - foaming agents
additives
side effects of BaSO4 include:
- Bloating
- Constipation (severe, continuing)
- Cramping (severe)
- Nausea or vomiting
- Stomach or lower abdominal pain
- Tightness in chest or troubled breathing
- Wheezing
Hazard and Complications of BaSO4 include:
- Leakage into the pleural or peritoneal spaces.
- Leakage into the mediastinum.
- Possible pulmonary aspiration.
- Barium given orally in suspected distal large bowel obstruction.
Forms of baSO4
Powder, Liquid/Suspension
examples of powderBaSO4
Baryntgen, E-Z paque
example of liquid BaSO4
Baritop with CO2
Radiolucent radiograph is caused by contrast having
low atomic number
pneumocystogram examines the
bladder
pneumogastrogram, pneumocolon examines the…
G.I.T
arthogram examines the
joints
substance that gives the black on the radiograph
negative contrast media
examples of negative contrast media
Gastroluft, E-Z-Gas, (Air, Carbon Dioxide, Oxygen)
4 physical states of contrast media
oil, tablets, powder, liquid
oil examples
Pantopaque, dionisil (myelogram, bronchogram
Tablets
telepaque, (lopanoic Acid) . Biloptin (lopodate) Cholebrine (iocetamic acid) Bilisectan (lodoalphanoic acid)- hepatobiliary
powder contrast media examples
Barium sulphate ( baryntgen)
Liquid contrast media:
all iodinated and non ionic contrast meidum
arterial investigation
angiography
venous investigation
venography
VCUG
Voiding cystourethrography
HSG
hysterosalpinogram
IVU
Intravenous urography
Difference of ionic and non ionic c.m
ionic: high osmolarity, more side effects, expensive
made of glass with a constricted neck indicated by a colored ring that is snapped off in order to open it
ampoules
single or multi-dose glass container with a rubber seal at the top containing liquid or powder forms of a drug.
vials
are contrast agent salts of electrically negatively charged acids containing iodine that ionizes in solution and causes more patient discomfort
ionic c.m
are contrast agent that does not ionize in solution and is safer, less painful, and better tolerated by the patient.
non ionic c.m
A. Urovision
B. Angiografin
C. Hypaque
D. Conray
D. Urografin
E. Urovist
F. Cardio-conray
G. Uromiro
H. Telebrix
ionic c.m
important factors to consider for c.m
- It must be NON TOXIC and must be safe both locally where administered.
- It must procedure ADEQUATE CONTRAST
- It must have a suitable VISCOSITY
- It must have a suitable PERSISTENCE
- It must have MISCIBILITY OR IMMISCIBILITY as appropriate
the maximum amount of a substance that can dissolve in water at equilibrium at a given temperature and pressure.
WATER SOLUBILITY
Water solubility is also known as
aqueous solubility
unit of viscosity
mPa/s ( millipascals per second)
viscosity is ______ proportional to the time it will take for the contrast medium to be diluted by blood to diagnostically useful concentrations
direct
: The HIGHER the viscosity of the solution, the LONGER it will take for the contrast medium to be diluted by blood to diagnostically useful concentrations.
the concentration of a solution in terms of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent.
osmolality
Osmolarity refers to the number of solute particles per 1 L of solvent, whereas osmolality is the number of solute particles in 1 kg of solvent.
