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Object-Oriented Programming > Introduction to Computers, the Internet and Java > Flashcards

Introduction to Computers, the Internet and Java Flashcards

1
Q

What allows computers to perform calculations and logical decisions faster than humans?

A

Computers are designed to perform billions of calculations in one second, surpassing human capabilities.

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2
Q

What is Moore’s Law?

A

The observation by Gordon Moore that computer capacities, including memory and processor speeds, double approximately every one to two years.

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3
Q

What are examples of computer hardware?

A

Keyboard, screen, mouse, hard disks, memory, DVD drives, and processing units.

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4
Q

What innovation allows large computers to be reduced to smaller chips?

A

Advances in silicon chip technology have miniaturized computers, making them smaller and less expensive.

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5
Q

What are the two main categories of computer software?

A

System software (e.g., operating systems) and application software (e.g., games, web browsers).

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6
Q

What is the role of system software?

A

To manage computer hardware as an operating system.

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7
Q

What are the main units of computer organization?

A

Input unit, output unit, memory unit, logical unit, central processing unit (CPU), and secondary storage unit.

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8
Q

What is the function of the CPU?

A

To coordinate and supervise the operations of other units, such as input, memory, and output.

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9
Q

What is the smallest data item in a computer system?

A

A bit, which holds the value 0 or 1.

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10
Q

What is the purpose of Unicode in Java?

A

Unicode represents characters as patterns of 1s and 0s, supporting many world languages.

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11
Q

What is a database?

A

A collection of data organized for easy access and manipulation, often using relational models with tables, records, and fields.

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12
Q

What are the three general types of programming languages?

A

Machine languages, assembly languages, and high-level languages.

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13
Q

What is machine language?

A

A hardware-dependent language consisting of strings of numbers that perform basic operations.

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14
Q

What is a high-level language?

A

A language with statements resembling everyday English, converted to machine language by compilers.

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15
Q

What are examples of popular desktop operating systems?

A

Linux, Windows 7, and macOS.

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16
Q

What are the most popular mobile operating systems?

A

Google’s Android and Apple’s iOS.

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17
Q

What is the kernel in an operating system?

A

The core software component that provides essential services to applications.

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18
Q

What makes Windows a proprietary operating system?

A

It is exclusively controlled by Microsoft.

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19
Q

What is the Linux operating system known for in the context of open-source software?

A

It is one of the greatest successes of the open-source movement.

20
Q

How does open-source software differ from proprietary software?

A

Open-source software is developed, maintained, and evolved by individuals and companies in exchange for the right to use the software freely, typically at no charge.

21
Q

Why is open-source software often more reliable?

A

Its code is scrutinized by a larger audience, allowing errors to be identified and corrected faster.

22
Q

What is the Linux kernel, and why is it significant?

A

The Linux kernel is the core of the Linux operating system, which is open-source, freely distributed, and widely used in servers, personal computers, and embedded systems.

23
Q

Name two benefits Linux users enjoy.

A

Active debugging and improvement by developers and the ability to customize the operating system.

24
Q

What inspired the graphical user interface (GUI) for the Apple Macintosh?

A

The GUI was inspired by Xerox PARC’s desktop computer.

25
Q

Which programming language did Apple adopt from NeXT for its macOS and iOS development?

A

Objective-C.

26
Q

What programming language introduced by Apple in 2014 is becoming the standard for iOS and macOS development?

A

Swift.

27
Q

What is the relationship between macOS and NeXTSTEP?

A

macOS is a descendant of the NeXTSTEP operating system.

28
Q

What is the Android operating system based on?

A

The Linux kernel and Java.

29
Q

What was the global smartphone market share of Android in Q3 2016?

A

87.8%.

30
Q

What organization drives innovation in Android development?

A

The Open Handset Alliance.

31
Q

Name some devices that run Android.

A

Smartphones, e-readers, tablets, touch-screen kiosks, cars, and robots.

32
Q

What is Fortran primarily used for?

A

Scientific and engineering applications requiring complex mathematical computations.

33
Q

What is COBOL commonly used for?

A

Commercial applications that manipulate large amounts of data.

34
Q

What is the purpose of the Pascal programming language?

A

To teach structured programming.

35
Q

What is the Ada programming language known for?

A

Supporting object-oriented programming and being named after Lady Ada Lovelace.

36
Q

What was BASIC developed for?

A

Familiarizing novices with programming techniques.

37
Q

What are the key features of C++ compared to C?

A

Object-oriented programming and enhancements to the C language.

38
Q

Why is Python considered extensible?

A

It can be extended through classes and programming interfaces.

39
Q

What is the purpose of JavaScript?

A

To add dynamic behavior, animations, and interactivity to web pages.

40
Q

What is Java’s key feature that makes it platform-independent?

A

Its ability to write code once and run it anywhere, thanks to the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).

41
Q

What are the five phases of the Java development environment?

A

Edit, Compile, Load, Verify, and Execute.

42
Q

What does the command javac do in Java?

A

Compiles a Java program into bytecodes.

43
Q

What is bytecode in Java?

A

A platform-independent set of instructions executed by the JVM.

44
Q

What is the role of the bytecode verifier?

A

It checks that bytecodes are valid and do not violate Java’s security restrictions.

45
Q

What does the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) do during execution?

A

It executes bytecodes, often using just-in-time (JIT) compilation for faster performance.

Object-Oriented Programming (3 decks)

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