Introduction to Comparative Anatomy

Question 1

study of vertebrate structure (or morphology) and the functional aspects of these structures.

Answer 1

comparative vertebrate anatomy

Question 2

with vertebral column or backbone

Answer 2

vertebrates

Question 3

comes from the greek word that means “to cut up” or “dissect”

Answer 3

anatomy

Question 4

it is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts.

Answer 4

anatomy

Question 5

difference between morphology and anatomy

Answer 5

morphology – external description (color)

anatomy – structures (e.g., kidney, medulla, etc.)

Question 6

developed ideas about course of change from fishlike and scaly to landforms.

Answer 6

Anaximander

Question 7

believed life started as slime then moved to drier places.

life originated from water then changes happened. From fish life to land, it developed characteristics of terrestrial organisms.

Answer 7

Anaximander

Question 8

speculated that animals were made up of various combinations of pre-existing parts (e.g., pre-existing parts head, body, and limbs; combine all of these like a robot).

Answer 8

Empedocles

Question 9

made detailed observations of animal anatomy.

Answer 9

Aristotle

Question 10

described watching the heart of a chick develop from the liquid mass of an egg.

Answer 10

Aristotle

Question 11

established groupings of animals based on their structural form.

Answer 11

Aristotle

Question 12

Father of Biology

Answer 12

Aristotle

Question 13

Greek physician known for his comparative study of animals.

Answer 13

Galen

Question 14

carried out experiments to understand kidney function, movement of blood through arteries.

Answer 14

Galen

Question 15

a book that was accepted nearly 1400 years. Most authoritative reference. written by Galen

Answer 15

Anatomical Prepartions

Question 16

he had little consideration for pain, suffering etc. of his animal subjects. Often dissected animals alive. Ethics is questioned.

Answer 16

Galen

Question 17

T|F : There are many advancements during Middle Ages,

Answer 17

False

Question 18

his studies of anatomy, design and mechanics are well-known, as are his sketches and work on the anatomy of flight.

Answer 18

Leonardo da Vinci

Question 19

device made by da Vinci

Answer 19

delta wing deivce

Question 20

studied circulation of blood in the body, including the function of valves in the veins from the limbs

Answer 20

William Harvey

Question 21

devised the binomial system for naming plants and animal which forms the basis of modern taxonomy.

Answer 21

Carl von Linne (Carolus Linnaeus)

Question 22

Theory of Immutability - philosophically argued that species were unchangeable, created originally as we find them today (Naturalist).

Answer 22

Carl von Linne (Carolus Linnaeus)

Question 23

Father of Taxonomy

Answer 23

Carl von Linne (Carolus Linnaeus)

Question 24

author of Philosophie Zoologique (1809)

Answer 24

Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck

Question 25

spoke to three issues of evolution (change happens)

Answer 25

Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck

Question 26

summarized as: "Evolution by means of the inheritance of acquired characteristics."

Answer 26

Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck

Question 27

fact: species change through time. They change because of adaptation. Adapting to the environment to survive. - Course: progressive changes in species along an ascending scale, from the lowest/simplest to most complex/ "perfect" (humans) - Mechanism: need itself produces heritable evolutionary changes. Need to adapt or change.

Answer 27

Theory of Evolution (Lamarckism)

Question 28

compared organs of various vertebrates and studied functional relationships among the organs.

Answer 28

Georges Cuvier

Question 29

extremely knowledgeable in the skeletal structure of animals and can infer shape of bones that would connect to neighboring bones.

Answer 29

Georges Cuvier

Question 30

used watch analogy to argue existence of God and the intelligent design of the universe.

Answer 30

William Paley

Question 31

studied comparative developmental anatomy. | noted that all early vertebrate embryos look "fishlike" and diverge anatomically as development proceeds.

Answer 31

Karl Ernst von Baer

Question 32

author of On the Origin of Species (1859) and The Descent of Man (1871)

Answer 32

Charles Darwin

Question 33

helped to establish the evolutionary basis of our modern synthesis of comparative, functional and adaptive morphology and anatomy.

Answer 33

Charles Darwin

Question 34

- proposed three conditions for and mechanisms of evolutionary change: 1. ) If left unchecked, members of any species will increase naturally in number because all species possess a high reproductive potential. 2. ) Competition for Resources – problem: limited resources 3. ) Survival of the few / Natural selection - where nature weeds out the less fit. 4. ) Superior adaptations would be fair better and strive to pass on their successful adaptations. Acquired characteristics will be passed to the next generation. Changes occurs over time.

Answer 34

Charles Darwin

Question 35

independently developed the concept of "survival of the fittest" from the observation that the human population increases faster than food to correspond with Darwin's "survival of the few"

Answer 35

Alfred Wallace

Question 36

study of animals

Answer 36

Zoology

Question 37

study of function

Answer 37

Physiology

Question 38

study of tissues

Answer 38

Histology

Question 39

study of heredity

Answer 39

Genetics

Question 40

study of the relationship of organism and environment

Answer 40

Ecology

Question 41

study of development of organism. From fertilization to childbirth.

Answer 41

Developmental Biology

Question 42

study of natural selection, and adaption of organisms to their environment

Answer 42

Evolutionary biology

Question 43

comparative study of evolutionary relationship between organisms.

Answer 43

Phylogeny

Question 44

study of fossils. Why? To know the evolutionary relationship and to know if structures are still the same with existing organisms.

Answer 44

Paleontology

Question 45

two or more features that share a common ancestry | - bird's wing and mole's arm may be traced back to common ancestral reptile

Answer 45

Homology

Question 46

special case with similarities between successively repeated elements in the same organism: vertebral column, muscle segments.

Answer 46

Serial Homology

Question 47

features with similar function | - wings of bats and butterflies are similar in function but of different ancestral structural origin.

Answer 47

Analogy

Question 48

features that simply look alike - May or may not be homologous or analogous - Turtle and dolphin flippers.

Answer 48

Homoplasy

Question 49

- concept of function covers both how a part works and how it serves adaptively in the environment - Example: cheek muscles of a mouse function both within an organism (chewing) and by meeting environmental demands (resource processing).

Answer 49

Evolutionary Morphology

Question 50

the action or property of a part as it works in an organism |  cheek muscles of a mouse used in chewing or mastication

Answer 50

Function

Question 51

how the part is used in the environment during the course of the organism's life history  cheek muscles of a mouse used by meeting environmental demands (resource processing)

Answer 51

Biological role

Question 52

– a structure or behavior which possesses the necessary form and function before the biological role arises that it eventually serves.  feathers in birds probably served as insulation to conserve body heat prior to development of flight.

Answer 52

Pre-adaptation

Question 53

structures that are similar to that of the ancestors or shared by all living groups.  Pentadactyl – five phalanges condition

Answer 53

Primitive

Question 54

structure that are different from that of the ancestors. Acquired because of development.

Answer 54

Derived

Question 55

modified to perform a variety of functions. anterior phalanges (fingers) in which they can perform a number of different functions, from playing the piano to painting.

Answer 55

Generalized

Question 56

modified to perform restricted functions |  posterior phalanges (toes) and can usually only perform the function of balance and walking.

Answer 56

Specialized

Question 57

often summarized in dendrograms that depict treelike branched connections between groups serve as a graphical representation of the evolutionary relationships of organisms. - which organisms branched off first from a common ancestor - may also give information on the relative abundance of these taxa (a taxonomic group of any rank, such as a species, family, or class.) - Each branch in the dichotomous branching pattern signifies a point at which two taxa diverge based on some morphological or other character trait. - All extant species usually listed in a line at the top. Extinct species' lines do not meet up with those of extant species.

Answer 57

Phylogeny

Question 58

still existing

Answer 58

extant

Question 59

disappeared

Answer 59

extinct