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Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy > Introduction to Comparative Anatomy > Flashcards

Introduction to Comparative Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

study of vertebrate structure (or morphology) and the functional aspects of these structures.

A

comparative vertebrate anatomy

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2
Q

with vertebral column or backbone

A

vertebrates

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3
Q

comes from the greek word that means “to cut up” or “dissect”

A

anatomy

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4
Q

it is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts.

A

anatomy

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5
Q

difference between morphology and anatomy

A

morphology – external description (color)

anatomy – structures (e.g., kidney, medulla, etc.)

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6
Q

developed ideas about course of change from fishlike and scaly to landforms.

A

Anaximander

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7
Q

believed life started as slime then moved to drier places.

life originated from water then changes happened. From fish life to land, it developed characteristics of terrestrial organisms.

A

Anaximander

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8
Q

speculated that animals were made up of various combinations of pre-existing parts (e.g., pre-existing parts head, body, and limbs; combine all of these like a robot).

A

Empedocles

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9
Q

made detailed observations of animal anatomy.

A

Aristotle

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10
Q

described watching the heart of a chick develop from the liquid mass of an egg.

A

Aristotle

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11
Q

established groupings of animals based on their structural form.

A

Aristotle

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12
Q

Father of Biology

A

Aristotle

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13
Q

Greek physician known for his comparative study of animals.

A

Galen

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14
Q

carried out experiments to understand kidney function, movement of blood through arteries.

A

Galen

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15
Q

a book that was accepted nearly 1400 years. Most authoritative reference. written by Galen

A

Anatomical Prepartions

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16
Q

he had little consideration for pain, suffering etc. of his animal subjects. Often dissected animals alive. Ethics is questioned.

A

Galen

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17
Q

T|F : There are many advancements during Middle Ages,

A

False

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18
Q

his studies of anatomy, design and mechanics are well-known, as are his sketches and work on the anatomy of flight.

A

Leonardo da Vinci

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19
Q

device made by da Vinci

A

delta wing deivce

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20
Q

studied circulation of blood in the body, including the function of valves in the veins from the limbs

A

William Harvey

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21
Q

devised the binomial system for naming plants and animal which forms the basis of modern taxonomy.

A

Carl von Linne (Carolus Linnaeus)

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22
Q

Theory of Immutability - philosophically argued that species were unchangeable, created originally as we find them today (Naturalist).

A

Carl von Linne (Carolus Linnaeus)

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23
Q

Father of Taxonomy

A

Carl von Linne (Carolus Linnaeus)

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24
Q

author of Philosophie Zoologique (1809)

A

Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck

25
Q

spoke to three issues of evolution (change happens)

A

Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck

26
Q

summarized as: “Evolution by means of the inheritance of acquired characteristics.”

A

Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck

27
Q

fact: species change through time. They change because of adaptation. Adapting to the environment to survive.
- Course: progressive changes in species along an ascending scale, from the lowest/simplest to most complex/ “perfect” (humans)
- Mechanism: need itself produces heritable evolutionary changes. Need to adapt or change.

A

Theory of Evolution (Lamarckism)

28
Q

compared organs of various vertebrates and studied functional relationships among the organs.

A

Georges Cuvier

29
Q

extremely knowledgeable in the skeletal structure of animals and can infer shape of bones that would connect to neighboring bones.

A

Georges Cuvier

30
Q

used watch analogy to argue existence of God and the intelligent design of the universe.

A

William Paley

31
Q

studied comparative developmental anatomy.

noted that all early vertebrate embryos look “fishlike” and diverge anatomically as development proceeds.

A

Karl Ernst von Baer

32
Q

author of On the Origin of Species (1859) and The Descent of Man (1871)

A

Charles Darwin

33
Q

helped to establish the evolutionary basis of our modern synthesis of comparative, functional and adaptive morphology and anatomy.

A

Charles Darwin

34
Q
  • proposed three conditions for and mechanisms of evolutionary change:
    1. ) If left unchecked, members of any species will increase naturally in number because all species possess a high reproductive potential.
    2. ) Competition for Resources – problem: limited resources
    3. ) Survival of the few / Natural selection - where nature weeds out the less fit.
    4. ) Superior adaptations would be fair better and strive to pass on their successful adaptations. Acquired characteristics will be passed to the next generation. Changes occurs over time.
A

Charles Darwin

35
Q

independently developed the concept of “survival of the fittest” from the observation that the human population increases faster than food to correspond with Darwin’s “survival of the few”

A

Alfred Wallace

36
Q

study of animals

A

Zoology

37
Q

study of function

A

Physiology

38
Q

study of tissues

A

Histology

39
Q

study of heredity

A

Genetics

40
Q

study of the relationship of organism and environment

A

Ecology

41
Q

study of development of organism. From fertilization to childbirth.

A

Developmental Biology

42
Q

study of natural selection, and adaption of organisms to their environment

A

Evolutionary biology

43
Q

comparative study of evolutionary relationship between organisms.

A

Phylogeny

44
Q

study of fossils. Why? To know the evolutionary relationship and to know if structures are still the same with existing organisms.

A

Paleontology

45
Q

two or more features that share a common ancestry

- bird’s wing and mole’s arm may be traced back to common ancestral reptile

A

Homology

46
Q

special case with similarities between successively repeated elements in the same organism: vertebral column, muscle segments.

A

Serial Homology

47
Q

features with similar function

- wings of bats and butterflies are similar in function but of different ancestral structural origin.

A

Analogy

48
Q

features that simply look alike

  • May or may not be homologous or analogous
  • Turtle and dolphin flippers.
A

Homoplasy

49
Q
  • concept of function covers both how a part works and how it serves adaptively in the environment
  • Example: cheek muscles of a mouse function both within an organism (chewing) and by meeting environmental demands (resource processing).
A

Evolutionary Morphology

50
Q

the action or property of a part as it works in an organism

 cheek muscles of a mouse used in chewing or mastication

A

Function

51
Q

how the part is used in the environment during the course of the organism’s life history
 cheek muscles of a mouse used by meeting environmental demands (resource processing)

A

Biological role

52
Q

– a structure or behavior which possesses the necessary form and function before the biological role arises that it eventually serves.
 feathers in birds probably served as insulation to conserve body heat prior to development of flight.

A

Pre-adaptation

53
Q

structures that are similar to that of the ancestors or shared by all living groups.
 Pentadactyl – five phalanges condition

A

Primitive

54
Q

structure that are different from that of the ancestors. Acquired because of development.

A

Derived

55
Q

modified to perform a variety of functions. anterior phalanges (fingers) in which they can perform a number of different functions, from playing the piano to painting.

A

Generalized

56
Q

modified to perform restricted functions

 posterior phalanges (toes) and can usually only perform the function of balance and walking.

A

Specialized

57
Q

often summarized in dendrograms that depict treelike branched connections between groups
serve as a graphical representation of the evolutionary relationships of organisms.
- which organisms branched off first from a common ancestor
- may also give information on the relative abundance of these taxa (a taxonomic group of any rank, such as a species, family, or class.)
- Each branch in the dichotomous branching pattern signifies a point at which two taxa diverge based on some morphological or other character trait.
- All extant species usually listed in a line at the top. Extinct species’ lines do not meet up with those of extant species.

A

Phylogeny

58
Q

still existing

A

extant

59
Q

disappeared

A

extinct

Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy (1 decks)

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