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Phase 2a > Introduction to Clinical Sciences > Flashcards

Introduction to Clinical Sciences Flashcards

1
Q

What does congenital mean?

A

A condition that is present at birth.

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2
Q

Which cells are present in acute inflammation?

A

Neutrophil polymorph cells

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3
Q

Which cells are present in chronic inflammation

A

Lymphocytes

Macrophages

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4
Q

Features of chemical carcinogens

A

No common structural features
Some act directly
Most require metabolic conversion (pro-carcinogens –> ultimate carcinogens)
Enzyme required may be ubiquitous or confined to certain organs

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5
Q

Classes of carcinogens

A 
Chemical
Viral
Ionising and non-ionising radiation
Hormones, parasites and mycotoxins
Miscellaneous
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6
Q

Four features of neoplasms

A

Autonomous
Abnormal
Persistent
New growth

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7
Q

Definition of neoplasm

A

A lesion resulting from autonomous, or relatively autonomous, abnormal growth of cells which persists after the initiating stimulus has been removed. A new growth.

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8
Q

Which cancer causes most cancer deaths

A

Lung cancer

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9
Q

What are neoplasms formed of?

A

Neoplastic cells within a stroma of supportive tissue

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10
Q

At what point is angiogenesis essential for neoplasms?

A

When diameter >2mm

Diffusion not possible at this thickness

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11
Q

Common features of benign neoplasms

A 
Localised
Non-invasive
Slow growth rate
Low mitotic activity
Close resemblance to normal tissue
Circumscribed or encapsulated
Nuclear morphometry often normal
Necrosis rare
Ulceration rare
Growth on mucosal surfaces often exophytic
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12
Q

Common features of malignant neoplasms

A 
Invasive (defining feature)
Metastases possible 
Rapid growth rate
Variable resemblance to normal tissue
Poorly defined or irregular border
Hyperchromatic nuclei
Pleomorphic nuclei
Increased mitotic activity
Necrosis common
Ulceration common
Growth on mucosal surfaces and skin often endophytic
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13
Q

What does suffix -oma indicate?

A

Neoplasm

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14
Q

What does suffix -itis indicate?

A

Inflammation

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15
Q

What is a papilloma?

A

Benign tumour
Non-glandular, non-secretory epithelium
Prefixed with cell type of origin

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16
Q

What is an adenoma?

A

Benign tumour
Glandular or secretory epithelium
Prefixed with cell type of origin

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17
Q

What is a carcinoma?

A

Malignant epithelial neoplasm

Prefixed by name of epithelial cell type (npt just squamous cells)

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18
Q

What is an adenocarcinoma?

A

Malignant epithelial neoplasm

Epithelial tissue = glandular

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19
Q

Common benign connective tissue neoplasms and tissues that they resemble

A 
Lipoma - adipocytes
Chondroma - cartilage
Osteoma - bone
Angioma - vascular
Angiolipoma - blood vessels and fat cells are neoplastic
Rhabdomyoma - striated muscle
Leiomyoma - smooth muscle
Neuroma - nerves
20
Q

What is benign neoplasm of nerves called?

A

Neuroma

21
Q

Name of malignant connective tissue neoplasms

A

Sarcoma

Prefixed by cell type of origin

22
Q

Origin of liposarcoma

A

Adipose tissue

23
Q

Origin of rhabdoymyosarcoma

A

Striated muscle

24
Q

Origin of leiomyosarcoma

A

Smooth muscle

25
Q

Origin of osteosarcoma

A

Bone

26
Q

Origin of angiosarcoma

A

Blood vessels

27
Q

Origin of chondrosarcoma

A

Cartilage

28
Q

What are anaplastic carcinomas?

A

Neoplasms where the cell-type of origin is unknown as bears no resemblance to normal tissue

29
Q

Which -omas are not neoplasms?

A

Granuloma
Mycetoma
Tuberculoma

30
Q

Malignant tumours that are not carcinoma or sarcoma…

A 
Melanoma = malignant neoplasm of melanocytes
Mesothelioma = malignant tumour of mesothelial cells
Lymphoma = malignant neoplasm of lymphoid cells
31
Q

Eponymously named tumours

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma
Ewing’s sarcoma
Grawitz tumour
Kaposi’s sarcoma = form of angiosarcoma

32
Q

Extra exceptions to classification of neoplasms

A 
Teratoma
Embryonal tumours (blastoma)
Mixed tumours
APUDomas
Carcinosarcomas
33
Q

Common causes of acute inflammation

A 
Microbial infections
Hypersensitivity reactions
Physical agents
Chemicals
Tissue necrosis
34
Q

Macroscopic appearance of inflammation

A 
Rubor - redness
Calor - heat
Tumor - swelling
Dolor - pain
Loss of function
35
Q

Explain rubor and give examples

A

Dilatation of small blood vessels gives a red appearance to the inflamed area e.g. sunburn, cellulitis, acute conjunctivitis

36
Q

Explain calor

A

Due to increased blood flow (hyperaemia)

Only seen in peripheral parts of body e.g. skin

37
Q

Explain tumor

A

Results from oedema
Also from mass of inflammatory cells migrating into the area
Formation of new connective tissue as inflammation progresses also contributes

38
Q

Explain dolor

A

Partly due to stretching and distorting of tissues from oedema
Pus under pressure in abscess cavity
Chemical mediators may also induce pain

39
Q

Explain loss of function

A

Movement consciously and reflexively inhibited by pain

Severe swelling may cause immobilisation of tissues

40
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

Instinctive, non-specific
Does not depend on lymphocytes
Present from birth

41
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

Specific
‘Acquired/learned’ immunity
Requires lymphocytes and antibodies

42
Q

What is in the upper layer of a centrifuged blood sample?

A 
Upper fluid = plasma
90% water
Electolytes
Lipids
Sugars etc.
43
Q

What is in the middle layer of a centrifuged blood sample?

A

White fluffy layer

Buffy coat - leukocytes

44
Q

What is in the lower layer of a centrifuged blood sample?

A

Erythrocytes
Platelets
(haematocrit)

45
Q

What is serum?

A

Plasma without fibrinogen and other clotting factors

46
Q

What is inflammation?

A

A series of reactions that brings cells and molecules of the immune system to the sites of infection or damage

47
Q

Main outcomes of complement and pathways

A

Lyse microbes directly (MAC)
Chemotaxis (C3a and C5a)
Opsonisation (C3b)

Phase 2a (2 decks)

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