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Phase 2a > Introduction to Clinical Sciences > Flashcards

Introduction to Clinical Sciences Flashcards

1
Q

What is Inflammation?

A

A reaction to injury or infection involving neutrophils and macrophages

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2
Q

Describe acute infection

A

Sudden, short duration, usually resolves, neutrophil polymorphs

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3
Q

what is the lifespan of neutrophil polymorphs?

A

short lived - 3-5 days

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4
Q

Describe the actions of neutrophils

A

They move to areas of damage via chemotaxis and phagocytose pathogens by releasing enzymes

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5
Q

Describe chronic inflammation

A

Slow onset, long duration, may never resolve, macrophages

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6
Q

what is the life span of macrophages?

A

long lived

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7
Q

Where do all immune cells originate

A

Bone marrow

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8
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

Thymus (T cells that recognise self are killed in the thymus)

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9
Q

Where are RBC removed?

A

The spleen

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10
Q

What is the innate immune response?

A

Non-specific defence system. Fast onset and short duration e.g mucus or inflammation. Doesn’t depend on lymphocytes. Physical and chemical barriers

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11
Q

what is the adaptive immune response?

A

Specific (acquired/learned) defence system to destroy/prevent the growth of pathogens. Requires lymphocytes. Slow onset and long duration. Has memory e.g antibodies

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12
Q

What is a neutrophil?

A

Most abundant WBC, phagocytic and mainly involved in inflammation

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13
Q

What leukocytes are polymorphonuclear?

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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14
Q

what leukocytes are mononuclear leukocytes?

A

Monocytes, T-cells and B-cells

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15
Q

What are macrophages?

A

when monocytes migrate from blood to tissue, they become macrophages. They phagocytose, present antigens and secrete cytokines

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16
Q

What are basophils?

A

Multinucleate cells involved in allergic reactions, eczema, hay fever

17
Q

What are eosinophils?

A

multinucleate cells involved in parasitic infections

18
Q

What do mast cells do?

A

They are involved in anaphylaxis and asthma. IgE receptors binds to allergens , which then binds to mast cells, causing them to release histamines which causes the response

19
Q

What do Natural Killer cells do?

A

They release lytic granules that kill virus infected cells

20
Q

What is a Complement (C’)?

A

Group of serum proteins that are secreted by the liver and need to be activated to be functional

21
Q

What is the action of C’?

A

Direct lysis
Attract more leukocytes to the cite of infection (chemotaxis)
Coat invading organisms (opsonisation)

22
Q

What are the main antigen presenting cells?

A

Dendritic cells

23
Q

what are cytokines?

A

soluble mediators secreted by lymphocytes or by monocytes. They act as stimulatory or inhibitory signals between cells

24
Q

What are interferons?

A

Interferons are a type of cytokine that induce a state of anti-viral resistance in uninfected cells

25
Q

What are interleukins?

A

cytokines that act between cells of the immune system. They can be pro-inflammatory (IL1) or anti-inflammatory (IL-10)

26
Q

What is the role of T helper cells?

A

They express CD4 and help activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells

27
Q

What is the role of cytotoxic T cells?

A

They express CD8 and release perforin thay causes cells to lyse

28
Q

What is the role of B cells?

A

Contain CD20 cell marker (targeted by monoclonal antibodies). Activated B cells become plasma cells that produce antibodies

29
Q

what is the role of antibodies?

A
  • neutralise toxins
  • opsonisation of pathogens
  • destroy pathogens
30
Q

Describe the function of IgA antibodies

A

the mucosal Ab has a dimer. Present in colostrum and coats neonates gut

31
Q

Describe the function of IgM antibodies

A

pentameric and not entirely specific to antigen. Highest capacity to activate complement

32
Q

Describe the function of IgG antibodies

A

Most abundant in the blood. Highly specific. Important during secondary responses. 4 subclasses, can cross the placenta

33
Q

Describe the function of IgE antibodies

A

Bound to mast cells and basophils by FcεR. important in allergy and helminth infection. Least abundant in the blood

34
Q

Describe type 1 hypersensitivity reactions

A

Antigen reacts with IgE bound to mast cells and basophils. This causes rapid cell degranulation which releases histamine, protease enzymes and preoteoglycans

35
Q

What is ABCDE examination?

A

Airways, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, Exposure

Phase 2a (5 decks)

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