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Clinical Chemistry Lecture > Introduction to Clinical Chemistry > Flashcards

Introduction to Clinical Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

It is a branch of laboratory medicine that is concerned with the quantitative measurement of analytes in body fluids to facilitate the diagnosis of diseases.

A

Clinical Chemistry

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2
Q

What are the analytes?

A

Proteins
Enzymes
Metabolites
Drugs
Ions
Salts
Minerals

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3
Q

Clinical Chemistry is a _____ Science

A

Quantitative

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4
Q

Clinical Chemistry is concerned with measurement of amounts of biologically
important substances called _____ in body fluids.

A

Analaytes

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5
Q

The results that are obtained from such measurements of a Clinical Chemistry Test are compared to reference intervals or an _____ to provide diagnostic and clinical meaning for the values.

A

Medical Decision Level (MDL)

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6
Q

Clinical Chemistry serves as a _____ because it links the knowledge of General Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, and Biochemistry with an understanding of Human Physiology

A

Science

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7
Q

Clinical Chemistry serves as a _____ because it produces objective evidence from which medical decisions may be made

A

Service

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8
Q

Clinical Chemistry serves as a _____ because clinical laboratories are businesses, which operate under the regulations and practices that guide commerce in the
United States.

A

Industry

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9
Q

Scope of Clinical Chemistry

A

Computers
Biochemistry
Instrumentation
Pharmacology
Endocrinology
Immunology
Toxicology
Analytical Chemistry

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10
Q

List down the Core Test done in the Clinical Chemistry Section:

A

Glucose
Renal Function Test
Liver/Hepatic Function Panel
Lipid Profile
Enzymes
Electrolytes

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11
Q

What is detected on the Glucose Testing in Clinical Chemistry?

A

Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus

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12
Q

What is detected on the Renal Function Tests in Clinical Chemistry?

A

Urea
Creatinine
Uric Acid

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13
Q

What is detected on the Liver/Hepatic Function Panel in Clinical Chemistry?

A

Bilirubin
Albumin
Total Protein
ALP
AST
ALT

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14
Q

What is detected on the Lipid Profile in Clinical Chemistry?

A

Total Cholesterol
Triglyceride
HDL
LDL

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15
Q

What test is done to diagnose heart diseases and stroke?

A

Lipid Profile Test

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16
Q

What is detected on the Enzyme Testing in Clinical Chemistry?

A

Amylase
Lipase
Creatinine Kinase

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17
Q

What is detected on the Electrolyte Testing in Clinical Chemistry?

A

Na (Sodium)
K (Potassium)
Cl (Chlorine)

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18
Q

List down the Specialized Test in Clinical Chemistry Section:

A

Hormones
Specific Proteins
Trace Elements
Vitamins
Drugs
Lipoprotein

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19
Q

What type of test is less frequently performed, cost prohibitive, and is usually sent out to bigger laboratories with strict preparation guideline?

A

Specialized Test

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20
Q

Example of Metabolites Small Organic Molecules:

A

Glucose
Cholesterol
Uric Acid

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21
Q

Example of Therapeutic Drugs Small Organic Molecules:

A

Vancomycin
Theophylline
Digoxin

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22
Q

Example of Toxicology Small Organic Molecules:

A

Alcohol
Salicylate
Acetaminophen

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23
Q

Example of Drugs of Abuse Small Organic Molecules:

A

Cocaine
Barbiturates
Amphetamine

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24
Q

Classifications under the Small Organic Molecules:

A

Metabolites
Therapeutic Drugs
Toxicology
Drugs of Abuse

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25
Q

Classification under Large Molecules:

A

Transport Proteins
Enzymes
Specific Proteins
Diabetes Marker

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26
Q

Example of Transport Proteins Large Molecules:

A

Albumin
Transferrin
Haptoglobin

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27
Q

Example of Enzymes Large Molecules:

A

Lipase
Amylase
Creatinine Kinase

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28
Q

Example of Specific Proteins Large Molecules:

A

Immunoglobulins
C-reactive Proteins
Complement

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29
Q

Example of Diabetes Marker Large Molecules:

A

Hemoglobin
A1c
HbA1c

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30
Q

Most common specimen used in the Clinical Chemistry:

A

Blood

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31
Q

Method of Collection of Blood in Adult

A

Venipuncture

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32
Q

Method of Collection of Blood in Infants

A

Heel Prick
Skin Prick

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33
Q

Site of collection of Blood in Adults

A

Anticubital Fossa

Median - 1st Choice
Cephalic - 2nd Choice
Basilic - 3rd Choice

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34
Q

Site of collection of Blood in Infants

A

Plantar Heel for Heel Prick

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35
Q

Forms of Blood:

A

Whole Blood
Plasma
Serum

36
Q

It is the act of drawing a blood sample from a blood vessel.

A

Phlebotomy

37
Q

Collecting blood from a vein is called _____

A

Venipuncture

38
Q

The medical professional drawing the blood sample is called a _____

A

Phlebotomist

39
Q

Next most common specimen used in the Clinical Chemistry Section

40
Q

This is used for evaluating kidney functions and test that look at waste products excreted by kidneys.

41
Q

Method of Collection of Urine

A

Midstream Clean Catch Specimen

42
Q

For Chemistry Testing, what type of urine specimen is usually used?

A

24 Hour Urine

43
Q

Clear and colourless fluid surrounding brain and spinal cord

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid

44
Q

Method of Collection of CSF

A

Lumbar Puncture or Spinal Tap (usually collected on the 3rd to 4th or 4th to 5th Lumbar Vertebrates)

45
Q

The first tube in the CSF is intended for _____

A

Clinical Chemistry and Immunology

46
Q

The second tube in the CSF is intended for _____

A

Microbiology

47
Q

The third tube in the CSF is intended for _____

48
Q

The 4th tube in the CSF is intended for _____

A

Specialized Section Histopathology
Immunology Serology

49
Q

How many tubes are collected in the CSF for testing?

50
Q

CSF Glucose:

A

60-70% of Plasma Glucose

51
Q

CSF Protein:

A

15-45 mg/dl

52
Q

Fluid found in the lungs is called _____

A

Pleural Fluid

53
Q

Pleural Fluid is collected through the process called _____

A

Thoracentesis

54
Q

Fluid found in the heart is called _____

A

Pericardial Fluid

55
Q

Pericardial Fluid is collected through the process called _____

A

Pericardiocentesis

56
Q

Fluid found in the gastrointestinal tract is called _____

A

Peritoneal Fluid

57
Q

Peritoneaal Fluid is collected through the process called _____

A

Paracentesis

58
Q

Fluid produced by pregnant women is called _____

A

Amniotic Fluid

59
Q

Amniotic Fluid is collected through the process called _____

A

Amniocentesis

60
Q

Fluid that lubricates the joints is called _____

A

Synovial Fluid

61
Q

Synovial Fluid is collected through the process called _____

A

Arthrocentesis

62
Q

Peritoneal Fluid is also called _____

A

Astic Fluid

63
Q

How is a specimen rejected:

A

Unlabeled
Improperly Labeled
Mismatched Specimen
Insufficient Quantity (QNS)

64
Q

A specimen must have at least 2 identifiers which are the _____ and _____

A

Name
Date of Birth

65
Q

Specimen submitted must bear a completed request form which includes:

A

Name
Age
Date
Time
Test
Sex
Physician
Diagnosis

66
Q

Specimen Rejection Criteria:

A

Incorrect Collection Tube
Underfilled/Overfilled Collection Tube (With Anticoagulant)
Hemolyzed Sample

67
Q

Consequences of Specimen Rejection:

A
  1. Repeated Specimen Collection
  2. Delay in the Analysis and Reporting of Result
  3. Delay in the Treatment of the Patient
68
Q

Laboratory Workflow in Clinical Chemistry Section:

A
  1. Requisition
  2. Specimen Collection
  3. Transport and Processing
  4. Result Transmission/Delta Checking/Repeat Testing
  5. Interpretation of Result
69
Q

Quality standards for all clinical laboratories to ensure accuracy, reliability and timeliness of patient test results regardless of where the test was performed

A

Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) of 1988

70
Q

Defines Clinical Laboratories broadly

A

Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) of 1988

71
Q

Two levels of Regulations in Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) of 1988

A
  1. Waived Tests
  2. Nonwaived Tests
72
Q

Simple laboratory examinations and procedures that are cleared by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for home use

A

Waived Tests

73
Q

Moderately and highly complex tests as defined by the requirements for operator skill, reagent preparation, and automation and the difficulty of interpretation of results. These are regulated under guidelines that cover quality standards for proficiency testing (PT), patient test management, quality control, personnel qualifications, and quality assurance.

A

Nonwaived Tests

74
Q

Found that urea, an ‘organic’ substance, could be synthesized in vitro without any ‘vital force’ or living organism.

A

Friedrich Wöhler

75
Q

In what year did Friedrich Wöhler found that urea, an ‘organic’ substance, could be synthesized in vitro without any ‘vital
force’ or living organism.

76
Q

Looked back on experiments of Antoine- Laurent de Lavoisier in Pneumatic Chemistry.

A

Henry Bence Jones

77
Q

“Few and scanty, indeed, are the rays of light which chemistry has flung on the vital mysteries.”

A

Robert James Graves (1796-1853)

78
Q

Complained that clinicians do not use their chemistry laboratory services except when needed for “luxurious embellishment for a clinical lecture.”

A

Max Josef von Pettenkofer (1818-1901)

79
Q

On what year does the urine test for diabetes and carbohydrate metabolism investigations started?

80
Q

First used the term “clinical chemical laboratory” (klinisch chemischem Laboratorium)

A

Johann Joseph Scherer (1814-1869)

81
Q

An outstanding clinical chemist able to give an excellent interpretation of analytical results obtained from in body fluids.

A

Donald D. van Slyke (1883-1971)

82
Q

Donald D. van Slyke (1883-1971) published a book in _____ (year) with _____ (name) entitled _____.

A

1932
John P. Peeters
Clinical Chemistry

83
Q

The founder of Modern Clinical Chemistry

A

Donald D. van Slyke (1883-1971)

84
Q

What was discovered in the 19th Century?

A
  1. Discovery of starch, fats, and some blood proteins were isolated and characterized
  2. Cholesterol in gall stones
  3. Chemical composition of urine
85
Q

Invented the Technicon AutoAnalyzer

A

Dr. Leonard Skeggs

86
Q

On what year does the Radioisotopes were used in assay Scintillation counting devices?

87
Q

How does the Computers correlate to the laboratory?

A
  1. Equipment ability for data processing monitoring of data produces
  2. Ensured accuracy
  3. Correlation and relationships with previous information (Delta Check)

Clinical Chemistry Lecture (3 decks)

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