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Honors Chemistry > Introduction to Chemistry > Flashcards

Introduction to Chemistry Flashcards

Physical vs. Chemical Change Mixtures Atomic Composition Atomic Composition of Molecules

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1
Q

What is the composition of something in relation to matter?

A

The composition identifies what the matter is made from.

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2
Q

What is the properties of something in relation to matter?

A

The properties describe the characteristics of the matter.

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3
Q

Properties of matter can be divided into two ways: _________ __________ and _________ _________

A

chemical properties; physical properties

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4
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7
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8
Q

What are chemical properties?

A

Chemical properties describe how matter reacts (or doesn’t react) in the presence of certain conditions or other chemicals.

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9
Q

What are physical properties?

A

Physical properties can be observed without trying to change the composition of the matter.

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9
Q

What are the two kinds of physical properties?

A

Intensive physical properties

Extensive physical properties

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10
Q

What are intensive physical properties?

A

An intensive property is a property of matter that depends only on the type of matter in a sample and not on the amount. They do not depend on how much matter the object have.

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11
Q

What are extensive physical properties?

A

Extensive physical properties change based on the amount of matter present.

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12
Q

Which physical property type do these properties describe?

mass
volume

A

Extensive physical properties

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12
Q

Which physical property type do these properties describe?

Color density
luster
melting point
malleability

A

Intensive physical properties

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13
Q

How do physical changes affect the composition of the matter?

A

Physical changes do not change the composition of the matter.

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14
Q

What are some methods that can be used to separate mixtures?
(4 answers)

A

Filtration
Distillation
Evaporation
Chromatography

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14
Q

How do chemical changes affect composition of the matter?

A

Chemical changes change the composition of the matter. You end up with a different substance than you started with.

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14
Q

How do physical changes affect the apperance of the matter?

A

Physical changes can change the physical appearance of the matter.

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14
Q

Matter either exists as either _____ ___________ or _________.

A

pure substances; mixtures

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15
Q

A pure substance can either be an ________ or a ________.

A

element; compound

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15
Q

What is a pure substance?

A

A pure substance consists of only one type of matter. A pure substance can either be an element or a compound. It has a single chemical composition which can be based on individual atoms or collections of atoms (molecules).

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16
Q

What is a mixture?

A

Mixtures are made of two or more pure substances. They can be physically separated.

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17
Q

Which of the two, pure substances or mixtures, can be physically separated?

A

mixtures

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18
Q

What is this text describing?

A type of matter that consists of only one type of matter. This type of matter can either be an element or a compound. It has a single chemical composition which can be based on individual atoms or collections of atoms (molecules).

A

Pure substances

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19
Q

What is this text describing?

This type of matter is made of two or more pure substances. They can be physically separated.

A

Mixtures

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20
Q

What is a molecule?

A

A molecule is made up of two or more atoms.

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21
Q

How are mixtures and compounds different?

A

The way the components are combined differ. The elements in a compound are chemically combined and lose their individual identities and properties; giving the compound its uniform chemical makeup. On the other hand, mixtures are physically combine and can be physically separated.

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21
Q

A _________ is made up of two or more atoms.

A

molecule

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22
Q

There are two types of mixtures based on how well ______ the components are.

A

mixed

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22
Q

What are the two types of mixtures?

A

Homogeneous mixtures and heterogeneous mixtures

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23
Q

What is filtration? How can it be used to separate mixtures?

A

Filtration uses a barrier to separate solids of different sizes and separate solids from liquids or gases.

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23
Q

_____________ _________ might look like a _____ substance, but the presence of at least two different substances with different chemical compositions makes them ________.

A

Heterogeneous mixture; pure; mixtures

24
Q

What is a heterogenous mixture?

A

A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture in which the properties and composition varies from one sample to another. You can often see two different components in the mixture.

24
Q

What is a homogeneous mixture?

A

Heterogeneous mixture might look like a pure substance, but the presence of at least two different substances with different chemical compositions makes them mixtures.

25
Q

A _____________ _________is a mixture in which the properties and composition varies from one sample to another. You can often see two __________ components in the mixture.

A

Heterogeneous mixture; different

26
Q

What is distillation? How can it be used to separate mixtures?

A

Distillation separates liquids based on their boiling points. This can be used when the liquids in the homogeneous mixture have different boiling points.

26
Q

What is an element?

A

A pure substance that cannot be changed into simpler substances through chemical or physical means.

27
Q

What is this text describing?

A pure substance composed of two or more elements.

A

a compound

27
Q

When would you use chromatography instead of filtration?

A

When mixtures contain tiny particles that are different sizes, but are too small to filter.

27
Q

When can you use evaporation to separate mixtures?

A

If you have a mixture consisting of a dissolved solid in a liquid.

28
Q

What is chromatography? How can it be used to separate mixtures?

A

Chromatography moves particles through some kind of material that separates them by how fast they are moving. (The smaller the heterogeneous mixture particle, the faster it moves; the bigger the particle, the slower it moves.)

28
Q

What is a compound?

A

A pure substance composed of two or more elements.

29
Q

What is a molecule?

A

A group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound that can take place in a chemical reaction.

29
Q

What is an atom?

A

The basic unit of a chemical element.

30
Q

What is this text describing?

A pure substance that cannot be changed into simpler substances through chemical or physical means

A

an element

31
Q

What is this text describing?

A group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound that can take place in a chemical reaction.

A

a molecule

32
Q

What is this text describing?

The basic unit of a chemical element.

A

an atom

33
Q

What are the three particles that make up an atom?

A

Protons, neutrons, and electrons

34
Q

What are protons? Is their charge positive or negative? Where are they located?

A

Protons are positively charged particles that lie in the center, or nucleus of the atom.

35
Q

_________ are neutrally charged particles that lie in the atomic nucleus with the protons.

A

Neutrons

35
Q

What are neutrons? Is their charge positive or negative? Where are they located?

A

Neutrons are neutrally charged particles that lie in the atomic nucleus with the protons.

35
Q

What are electrons? Is their charge positive or negative? Where are they located?

A

Electrons are negatively charged particles which lie on the outside of the atom.

36
Q

_________ are positively charged particles that lie in the center, or nucleus of the atom.

A

Protons

37
Q

True or False.

Different atoms of an element must contain the same number of neutrons in their nuclei. However, their nuclei can have different numbers of protons.

A

False.

Different atoms of an element may contain different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei. The number of protons does not change from different atoms of an element.

37
Q

___________ are negatively charged particles which lie on the outside of the atom.

A

Electrons

37
Q

Describe the weight of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

A

Protons and neutrons are similar in mass to each other but are much heavier than electrons.

37
Q

What defines a particular element?

A

The number of protons in its nucleus defines a particular element.

38
Q

What the is mass number of a particular atom?

A

The mass number of a particular atom is the total number of protons and neutrons the atom contains.

39
Q

Under which conditions is an atom stable or a “stable atom”?

A

A stable atom has the same number of protons and electrons present, and, most likely, also has the same number of neutrons.

40
Q

Under which conditions is an atom considered neutral or a “neutral atom”?

A

A neutral atom has the same number of protons and electrons present.

40
Q

Define stable in atoms.

A

In atoms, the condition in which a nucleus is unlikely to undergo decay.

41
Q

What is an isotope? How are they different? How are they similar?

A

Each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, and hence differ in relative atomic mass but not in chemical properties

41
Q

Whether an atomic nucleus is ________ or __________ depends on the relative numbers of protons and neutrons in its nucleus.

A

stable; unstable

42
Q

Is the amount of charge carried by a proton greater than, less than, or equal to the amount of charge carried by an electron?

A

The amount of positive charge carried by a single proton is equal in magnitude to the amount of negative charge carried by a single electron.

42
Q

What is a crystal molecular structure?

A

A crystal molecular structure is a structure held together by atoms, ions, or molecules arranged in a highly ordered 3 dimensional arrangement.

42
Q

True or false.

The exact ratio that determines stability varies from element to element.

A

True

42
Q

What is a polymer molecular structure?

A

A polymer molecular structure is a structure which is composed of long, repeating chains of smaller units.

43
Q

What is the ion of an atom?

A

A charged particle that results when the number of protons and number of electrons differ.

43
Q

What is are the positives of the Structural Formula?

A

Positive(s): it allows complex molecules to be accurately depicted by relatively representation/polymers can be molded concisely

43
Q

What is a positive and negative of the Lewis Dot Structure?

A

Positive(s): shows the valence electrons in atoms as dots
Negative(s): two dimensional and does not show the tree-dimensional arrangement of atoms

43
Q

What is are the positives of the Ball-and-Stick Model?

A

Positive(s): represents molecules of all sizes

43
Q

What is are the positives of the Space-Filling Model?

A

Positive(s): atoms are depicted based on their respective sizes

43
Q

What is are the positives and a negative of the Ribbon Diagram?

A

Positive(s): shows important structures, such as corkscrew-shaped helices, within large molecules, especially, helices/provides important information abut the three-dimensional shape of these structures

Negative(s): does not show individual atoms and bonds

44
Q

What are lone pairs? Where are they found?

A

In chemistry, a lone pair refers to a pair of valence electrons that are not shared with another atom in a covalent bond. Lone pairs are found in the outermost electron shell of atoms.

44
Q

What is are the positives of the Wire Diagram?

A

Positive(s): Used to represent large molecules

45
Q

What idea is the valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory based on?

A

This model assumes that electron pairs will arrange themselves as far apart from each other as possible in order to minimize repulsion effects from one another.

45
Q

What is the valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory?

A

The valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory is a model used to predict 3-D molecular geometry based on the number of valence shell electron bond pairs among the atoms in a molecule or ion.

46
Q

What is a bond angle?

A

the angle formed by the positions of the chemical bonds joining central atom to two other atoms

Honors Chemistry (2 decks)

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