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Molecules and Cells- Biochemistry > Introduction to Cells > Flashcards

Introduction to Cells Flashcards

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Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are cells?

A

The building blocks of complex life

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2
Q

Fill in the gaps

Cell —-> —-> —-> Organ System

A

Cell —-> Tissue —-> Organ —-> Organ System

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3
Q

What are cells vital for?

A

All of life’s processes

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4
Q

What can disturbances in cell function underpin?

A

-Many disease processes, including those affecting the oral cavity

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5
Q

Cells vary in shape and size resulting in what?

A

Differences in functionality i.e. nerves, epithelial, sperm etc

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6
Q

What common features do ALL cells have?

A

-Cell membrane
-DNA
-Cytoplasm
-Ribosomes

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7
Q

Describe the size of prokaryotic cells?

A

small

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8
Q

What is the internal structure of prokaryotic cells like?

A

Relatively small internal structure, no internal membrane bound structures or organelles

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9
Q

What organisms are made up of prokaryotic cells

A

Bacteria and their close relatives

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10
Q

What is the nucleus of prokaryotic cells like?

A

No true nucleus

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11
Q

Size of eukaryotic cells?

A

Larger

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12
Q

Internal structure of eukaryotic cells?

A

More complex

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13
Q

Where are eukaryotic cells found

A

Higher animals and plants

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14
Q

Do eukaryotic cells have a nucleus?

A

Yes

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15
Q

What structure is this?

A

Cell (plasma) membrane

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16
Q

Cell membrane function;
What is the cell membrane?

A

A semi-permeable barrier between cytoplasm and external environment

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17
Q

Cell membrane function;

What does it retain?

A

Most organically produced chemicals inside the cell

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18
Q

Cell membrane function;

Through what processes does the cell membrane allow a few molecules across it?

A

-Diffusion
-Facilitated Diffusion
-Osmosis
-Active Transport

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19
Q

Cell membrane function;

How does it allow communication

A

Through receptors on the cell surface

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19
Q

Cell membrane function;

How does it allow communication

A

Through receptors on the cell surface

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20
Q

Cell membrane structure;

What is the structure of the cell membrane?

A

Lipid bilayer (fluid mosaic) model

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21
Q

Cell membrane structure;

What is the structure of the cell membrane?

A

Lipid bilayer (fluid mosaic) model

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22
Q

The cell membrane structure;

Most common molecule in the cell membrane?

A

Phospholipid;

-Composed of hydrophilic/ polar head and two hydrophobic/ non-polar tails

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23
Q

Cell membrane structure?

Where is cholesterol in the cell membrane and what is its function there?

A

-Embedded in inner area of bilayer
-Provides membrane integrity, prevents lysis

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24
Q

Cell membrane Structure;

What is the function of the proteins in the cell membrane?

A

Gateways that allow certain molecules in and out of the cell

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25
Q

Typical cell membrane diagram;

A
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26
Q

Name a cell membrane pathology and two diseases that result from this pathology

A

Haemoglobin pathologies
-Sickle cell anaemia
-Thalassemia

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27
Q

How does one develop sickle cell anaemia and Thalassemia

A

Both hereditary

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28
Q

What are sickle cell anaemia and Thalassemia characterised by?

A

Defects in haemoglobin

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29
Q

In haemoglobin patties What can lead to a decrease in red blood cell’s life span?

A

-Alterations in organisation of lipid bilayer
-Red blood cells are also not replaced as effectively

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30
Q

What is this structure?

A

NUCLEUS

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31
Q

In what cells does the nucleus occur?

A

ONLY in eukaryotic cells

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32
Q

What is the nucleus the location of?

A

Most of the different types of nucleic acid

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33
Q

DNA Is largely restricted to where?

A

The nucleus

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34
Q

Where is RNA formed, how is it formed and where does it move to?

A

-RNA is formed in the nucleus
-By coding off the DNA bases
-Moves out into the cytoplasm

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35
Q

What is the nuclear envelope and what does it do?

A

A double membrane structure- allows RNA and other chemicals to pass, BUT NOT DNA

36
Q

What is the NUCLEOLUS?

A

Area where ribosomes are constructed

37
Q

What is the nucleus the site of?

A

Transcription

38
Q

Give a brief summary of protein secretion?

A

DNA transcription to RNA - Transport to cytoplasm - Translation to protein - Protein Secretion

39
Q

What structure Is this?

A
39
Q

What structure Is this?

A
40
Q

What structure Is this?

A

Ribosomes

41
Q

In what cells ribosomes occur?

A

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

42
Q

What is a difference between the ribosomes of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

Eukaryotic ribosomes are slightly larger than prokaryotic ribosomes

43
Q

What is the structure of ribosomes like?

A

Eukaryotic ribosomes are slightly larger than prokaryotic ribosomes

44
Q

What is the structure of ribosomes like?

A

A small and a larger subunit

45
Q

Main role of ribosomes?

A

Facilitate protein translation

46
Q

What does the structure of a ribosome in nature relate to?

A

Its function

47
Q

Describe Ribosome pathologies (ribosomepathies)

A

-Originally thought to be fatal
-Now number of pathologies due to defects in ribosome synthesis
-Rare

48
Q

Name a disease caused by ribosomopathies and what does it result in?

A

Treacher Collins Syndrome (TCS)

results in- abnormal craniofacial development

49
Q

What are these structures?

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

50
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

-Mesh of interconnected membranes
-Involved in protein synthesis and transport

51
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

-Mesh of interconnected membranes
-Involved in protein synthesis and transport

52
Q

What does the ROUGH endoplasmic reticulum connect?

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum connects to the nuclear envelope: messenger RNA (blueprint for proteins) converted to peptide and passed on to rough ER

53
Q

What is the key function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Protein modification and production

54
Q

Give examples of what proteins the RER acts on

A

Lysosomal enzymes
Secreted proteins
Integral membrane proteins

55
Q

Give examples of how RER modifies proteins.

A

-Correct folding – important for function
-Appropriately ‘tagged’ for distribution throughout cell
-Post-translational modifications – structure and function

56
Q

What is the predominant function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Manufacture of lipids

57
Q

Where is the Smooth ER more abundant

A

in some cells than others and have specialised functions;
Liver – glycogen broken down to glucose
Adrenal cortex – steroid hormone production
Muscle – Ca2+ storage – sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Contraction of muscle cells is triggered
by the orderly release of calcium ions.

58
Q

Why is the smooth ER known as the detox stop, give an example?

A

-Smooth ER also plays a large part in detoxifying a number of organic chemicals converting them to safer water-soluble products.

-In the liver (hepatocytes) Smooth ER can double its surface area within a
few days, returning to its normal size when the assault has subsided.

59
Q

What does endoplasmic reticulum dysfunction result in?

A

Defective folding and processing of proteins

60
Q

-ER dysfunction plays a role in what type of disorders, give examples.
- What else is ER dysfunction associated with?

A
  • Numerous Degenerative Disorders such as;
  • Alzheimer’s
  • Parkinson’s
    -Epilepsy

-Also associated with ageing

61
Q

What structure is this?

A

Golgi apparatus

62
Q

Correctly folded proteins will do move where?

A

Drom ER to Golgi Apparatus via vesicles

63
Q

Proteins move from ER to Golgi via what?

A

Vesicles

64
Q

Give 3 functions of Golgi apparatus

A

-Further modifies proteins (post-translational)
-Stores Proteins
-Packages Proteins

65
Q

How do proteins leave Golgi apparatus and where are they transported to?

A

Leave Golgi in vesicles and are transported to required site or are exported

66
Q

Give 3 different types of Golgi-related impairments

A

-Impaired trafficking of proteins through Golgi
-Impairments in post-translational modification capacity
-Functionality loss due to mutations in proteins that make up Golgi

67
Q

Give a disease which is a consequence of Impaired trafficking of proteins through Golgi

A

Defect in trafficking of protein important in making myelin (insulates nerve fibres and promotes signalling) causes hypomyelinating disorders (e.g. cataract)

68
Q

Give a disease which is a result of Impairments in post-translational modification capacity

A

Defective glycosylation disorders (glycoprotein and glycolipids)
Wide spectrum of pathologies that effect multiple organs

69
Q

Give a disease which is a result of Functionality lost due to mutations in proteins that make up Golgi

A

Muscular dystrophy

70
Q

What structures are these?

A

Vacuoles, Vesicles and Lysosomes

71
Q

What are vacuoles?
Where are they located?
What are they used as?
How are they formed?

A

-Single membraned organelles

-Essentially part of the ‘outside’, located within the cell

-Used as storage areas

-Formed by fusion of numerous vesicles

72
Q

What is the size of vesicles like compared to vacuoles?
What is their function?

A

Much smaller than vacuoles

Function in transport, within and to the outside of the cell

73
Q

What are Lysosomes?

What do they contain?

What is their function/ their contents function?

A

-Large vesicles formed by the Golgi apparatus

-Contain Hydrolytic Enzymes capable of destroying the cell

  • Lysosome contents function in the breakdown of extracellular materials
74
Q

What structure is this?

A

Mitochondria

75
Q

What do mitochondria contain?

A

Their own DNA (mDNA) - Maternal

76
Q

What are mitochondria thought to represent?

A

Bacteria-like organisms incorporated into eukaryotic cells over 700 million organisms

77
Q

What do mitochondria function as?

A

Sites of energy release (following glycolysis In the cytoplasm) and ATP formation; the POWERHOUSE of the cell

78
Q

How are mitochondria bounded?

A

By two membranes

79
Q

The mitochondria is bounded by two membranes;

-What is the outer membrane like?
-What is the inner membrane like?

A

-Outer membrane is smooth and ‘sieve’ like
-Inner membrane is folded into CRISTAE- surfaces on which ATP is generated (highly selective)

80
Q

Structure of mitochondrion;

A
80
Q

Structure of mitochondrion;

A
81
Q

What causes mitochondrial dysfunction?

A

Mutations in mtDNA

82
Q

What diseases (although not necessarily the cause) is mitochondrial dysfunction associated with?

A

-Alzheimer’s Dementia
-Parkinson’s disease
-Huntington Disease
-Diabetes
-Cardiovascular disease
-Stroke.
-Autoimmune diseases (Sjogrens syndrome)
-Cancer

83
Q

What structure is this?

A
84
Q

What is the cytoplasm

A

The material between the cell membrane and the nuclear envelope

85
Q

What does the cytoplasm do?

A

Not static – facilitates transport of material around cell: Cytoplasmic Streaming

86
Q

In eukaryotes, what is contained in the cytoplasm and what is their function

A

Fibrous proteins in the cytoplasm known as the CYTOSKELETON

Maintains shape of cell
Anchors organelles
Moves cell
Controls internal movement of organelles

Molecules and Cells- Biochemistry (4 decks)

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