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BMD115 The Human Cell > Introduction to Cell Biology > Flashcards

Introduction to Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Define Endocytosis

A

Movement of particles into cell

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2
Q

Define Exocytosis

A

Movement of particles out of cells

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3
Q

What is a cell?

A

Small units bound by membrane/cell wall.

Smallest living entity, i.e. fundamental unit of life

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4
Q

What is Cytosol

A

Aqueous fluid within cells

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5
Q

What is Cytoplasm?

A

Chemicals within the cells.

The substance between the cell membrane and nucleus, containing cytosol, organelles and other various particles

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6
Q

What is the function of cytoskeleton?

A

Provides structural support for the cell

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7
Q

What are organelles?

A

Membrane-bound structures, involved in cellular function

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8
Q

Spectrum of Life - from smallest to largest

A
  1. Atom
  2. Molecule
  3. Organelle
  4. Cells
  5. Tissues
  6. Organs
  7. Organ systems
  8. Organism
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9
Q

What are prions?

A

Proteins that are the smallest infectious agents. Also smallest thing of biological relevance

Example: bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) proteins –> Mad Cow’s disease.

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10
Q

Properties of Living Things

A
  • Harness energy
  • Respire = O2 in, CO2 out
  • Grow and Develop
  • Biogenesis (reproduce)
    Respond to stimuli
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11
Q

How do cells harness energy>

A
  • Phagocytosis = uptake of particles; ‘cell eating’

- Pinocytosis = uptake of fluids; ‘cell drinking’

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12
Q

What is respiration?

A

The breakdown of C-based ‘fuels’ such as carbohydrates, fats or proteins, yields CO2

Requires O2 to drive the catabolism

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13
Q

What is differentiation?

A

Specialisation of cells as one grows and develop

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14
Q

What is cell proliferation?

A
  • Division of somatic cells (body cells, non germ cells) = mitosis
  • Division of germ cells i.e. sperm and oocytes = meiosis
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15
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

cells increase in size. DO NOT DIVIDE

Example: With exercise, muscle cells increase in size

Can be associated with disease: cardiomyopathy and cirrhosis of the liver

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16
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Abnormal increase in size of organ due to increased cell division in response to stimuli

NOT CANCER but can lead to it

??? Differs from cancer as with cancer cells it is the division of abnormal cells in a non-physiological manner that doesnt respond to stimuli

17
Q

How do cells respond to stimuli?

A
  • cells may move toward to stimuli cytochemotaxis
  • divide in response to mitogens
  • cell death
  • undergo internal changes such as produce more proteins etc
18
Q

Who was Robert Hooke?

A

-Coined the term ‘‘cell’’ via observing cork

  • 1665 produced Micrographia: description and definitions of minute
  • Considered the pioneer of Cell Biology
  • Thought only existed in plants and fungi
19
Q

Who was Aton van Leeuwenhoek?

A
  • 1673 Advanced the development into microscopy. Considered a pioneer in microscopy
  • Observed blood cells in vertebrates thus moving away from the notion that cells only exist in plants and fungi
  • Discovered multiple structures such as bacteria, vacuole, spermatozoa etc
20
Q

Who was Matthias Schleiden?

A

1838 - Concluded all parts of plant cells are made up of cells

21
Q

Who was Theoder Schwann?

A

1839- Stated that all animal tissues are made up of cells

22
Q

Who was Rudolf Virchow?

A

1858 -Concluded that all cells arise from pre -existing cells

23
Q

What is the 19th Cell Theory?

A
  • All organisms consist of one or more cells (Schleiden and Schwann)
  • The cell is the basic structural unit of all organisms (Schleiden and Schwann)
  • All cells arise from preexisting cells (Virchrow)
  • ->’‘omnis cellula e cellula’’ all cells come from a cell - Virchrow

Cell theory postulates not only holds the cell be the fundamental unit of life but also to be the basis of reproduction

24
Q

Who are Watson and Crick?

A
  • Pricks who plagiarise and don’t reference

- ‘‘Discovered’’ the structure of DNA, the hereditary information that is passed from cell to cell

25
Q

What does Modern cell biology consist of?

A
  • Cytology
  • Biochemistry
  • Genetics

Key to understand cell biology to understand the basis of disease

26
Q

Microscopy

A

Light microscope: brightfield, phase contrast, differential phase contrast, confocal, fluorescence

Electron Microscope: scanning EM and transmission EM

27
Q

How do cells differ?

A
  • Size
  • Shape/structure
  • Function
28
Q

Erythrocyte

A

concave small and flat. Transports oxygen

29
Q

Fibroblast

A

Spindle elongated cells. secrete extracellular matrix

30
Q

Spermatozoa

A

Head with flagellum. Fertilize egg

31
Q

Macrophage

A

Immune system, phagocytosis foreign bodies and dead cells

32
Q

Neuron

A

Cell body with large protections. Neurotransmission of electrical signals

33
Q

Keratinocyte

A

Pavement type tissues . Surface barrier, skin cells

34
Q

Chondrocyte

A

produces cartialage

BMD115 The Human Cell (2 decks)

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