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UVic BIOL 360 - Fall 2019 > Introduction to Cell Bio (ch 1, 3, 4, 12, 14) > Flashcards

Introduction to Cell Bio (ch 1, 3, 4, 12, 14) Flashcards

1
Q

Who was the first to coin the term “cells”? Where did he get his inspiration?

A

Robert Hooke. Thought they looked like the rooms of a monastery.

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2
Q

Who was the first to visualize and describe living cells?

A

Antony Van Leeuwenhoek. Had the best microscope at the time. Saw movement of tiny microorganisms.

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3
Q

What 3 points outline the cell doctrine as described by Schwann, Schleiden, and Virchow?

A
  1. All organisms are composed of cells
  2. Cells are distinct, specialized units
  3. Cells can only arise from preexisting cells. (except viruses!)
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4
Q

What are the 3 domains of life?

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Archaea
  3. Eukarya
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5
Q

What are the 7 universal features of cells on earth?

A
  1. Store hereditary info as DNA
  2. Replicate DNA by templated polymerization
  3. Transcribe part of DNA to RNA
  4. Translate RNA to protein
  5. Use proteins as catalysts
  6. Use same molecular building blocks
  7. Enclosed by plasma membrane
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6
Q

Bacteria have a peptidoglycan wall. Do archaea?

A

Nope.

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7
Q

Which of the 3 domains of life can have branched hydrocarbons in their membrane lipids?

A

Archaea.

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8
Q

How many kinds of RNA polymerase do bacteria have? What about Archaea? Eukarya?

A

Bacteria: 1
Archaea: >1
Eukarya: >1

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9
Q

Which AA initiates translation in bacteria? What about Archaea? Eukarya?

A

Bacteria: formyl-methionine
Archaea: methionine
Eukarya: methionine

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10
Q

Do bacterial genes have introns? What about Archaea? Eukarya?

A

Bacteria: very rare
Archaea: sometimes
Eukarya: often

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11
Q

How is bacterial growth affected by antibiotics? What about Archaea? Eukarya?

A

Bacteria: inhibited
Archaea: unaffected
Eukarya: unaffected

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12
Q

Does bacterial DNA incorporate histones? What about Archaea? Eukarya?

A

Bacteria: nope
Archaea: some species
Eukarya: yes

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13
Q

Do bacteria grow at temperatures >100C? What about Archaea? Eukarya?

A

Bacteria: nope
Archaea: some species
Eukarya: nope

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14
Q

What are the 4 basic structural features of all cells?

A
  1. Plasma membrane
  2. DNA
  3. Ribosomes
  4. Cytosol
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15
Q

What are the 3 shapes of bacteria?

A
  1. Bacillus
  2. Coccus
  3. Spiral
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16
Q

What is the normal size range for prokaryotic cells?

A

1-10 micrometres.

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17
Q

What 4 metabolic pathways are employed by prokaryotes?

A
  1. Photoautotrophic
  2. Chemoautotrophic
  3. Photoheterotrophic
  4. Chemoheterotrophic
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18
Q

In what 2 ways do we often identify bacteria?

A
  1. Agar plating

2. Sequencing

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19
Q

What is the normal size range for eukaryotic cells?

A

10-100 micrometres. Large variation depending on function.

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20
Q

Are lysosomes and centriole pairs present in all Eukarya?

A

No. These are specific to animal cells.

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21
Q

Are central vacuoles, cell walls, chloroplasts, plasmodesmata present in all Eukarya?

A

No. These are specific to plant cells.

22
Q

How do fungal cells differ from plant cells?

A

Have vacuoles and cell walls but no chloroplasts.

23
Q

Give a broad overview of the function of regulatory DNA.

A

Multicellular organisms regulate gene expression through ligand binding causing downstream effects on many cellular processes.

24
Q

What are the advantages of compartments in eukaryotic cells?

A

Increased efficiency because of division of labour into organelles. Localized environments optimal for certain reactions.

25
Q

How many base pairs does the human genome have? How many genes?

A

3200*10^6 base pairs in 30,000 genes.

26
Q

What is the genome size range of prokaryotes? What are 2 extreme examples?

A

~1000-6000 genes

  1. Mycoplasm: 500 genes
  2. Streptomyces: 8000 genes
27
Q

Which organelle was assimilated into eukaryotic cells first: mitochondria or chloroplasts?

A

Mitochondria. If it were the other way around then chloroplasts would be in every eukaryote and mitochondria would be in a small group.

28
Q

How fast can E. coli replicate its genome? What about humans?

A

E. coli: 20 mins

Humans: 12 hours

29
Q

What percentage of eukaryotic genome is non-coding? What about the prokaryotic genome?

A

Eukaryotes: 98%
Prokaryotes: ~11%

30
Q

When looking at eukaryotes, how is genome size and level of organization correlated?

A

It isn’t. For example, amoebas have huge genomes.

31
Q

How is eukaryotic DNA in the nucleus organized?

A

Wrapped around histones and organized into chromosomes. A complete set of chromosomes is called a karyotype.

32
Q

How is the number of chromosomes correlated with genome size or level of organization?

A

It isn’t. Could have a relatively small genome divided into many many chromosomes.

33
Q

Do multispecies conserved sequences code for proteins? Why?

A

No. We don’t really know why these sequences are so ubiquitously conserved.

34
Q

Describe an “intragenic mutation”.

A

A point mutation at some point along a gene.

35
Q

Describe a “gene duplication”.

A

A whole gene is replicated.

36
Q

Describe “DNA segment shuffling”.

A

A significant portion of a gene switches with a portion of a different gene.

37
Q

Describe “horizontal transfer” of genes.

A

A gene from one organism is replicated and somehow introduced into another organism.

38
Q

What is an ortholog?

A

A gene in one organism which shares ancestry with a gene in another organism.

39
Q

What is a paralog?

A

A gene which shares ancestry with another gene in the same organism but which has undergone divergent evolution.

40
Q

What percentage of the human genome is composed of transposons?

A

~40%

41
Q

What percentage of the human genome is repeated sequences? What about unique sequences?

A

50% and 50%

42
Q

What percentage of the human genome codes for proteins?

A

<3%

43
Q

What percentage of the human genome is composed of genes?

A

~20%

44
Q

In the human genome, how many genes code for proteins?

A

~21,000

45
Q

In the human genome, how many non-coding RNA genes are there?

A

~9,000

46
Q

In the human genome, how many pseudogenes are there?

A

> 20,000

47
Q

In the human genome, what percentage of DNA is in exons?

A

1.5%

48
Q

In the human genome, what percentage of DNA is in high-copy-number repetitive elements?

A

~50%

49
Q

Are all human genomes the same?

A

No! Some have lost or gained genetic material in certain areas. Microsattelites also vary.

50
Q

How many genes are sufficient for life?

A

500.

UVic BIOL 360 - Fall 2019 (10 decks)

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