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MD1: Human Homeostasis > Introduction to Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Introduction to Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the circulatory system?

A

The circulatory system is comprised of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems.

The circulatory system delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells and takes away wastes.

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2
Q

What are three (3) components of the cardiovascular system?

A
  1. The heart
  2. Blood vessels
  3. Blood
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3
Q

What is the difference between pulmonary and systemic circulations?

A

Pulmonary circulation moves blood between the heart and the lungs. It transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs to absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide.

Systemic circulation moves blood between the heart and the rest of the body. In systemic circulation, blood loses oxygen and gains carbon dioxide.

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4
Q

What is the pathway of blood beginning with the right atrium?

A
  1. Deoxygenated blood is transported from the right atrium, through the tricuspid (AV) valve, into the right ventricle.
  2. The blood passes through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary trunk and arteries, where it is transported to the lungs.
  3. The blood is oxygenated (and carbon dioxide is removed) in the pulmonary capillaries and transported to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins.
  4. The oxygenated blood is transported from the left atrium, through the bicuspid (mitral) valve to the left ventricle.
  5. The blood passes through the aortic valve into the aorta and is transported through the systemic arteries.
  6. The blood passes into systemic capillaries, where it loses oxygen and gains carbon dioxide and other metabolic wastes.
  7. The newly deoxygenated blood is carried back to the right atrium via the superior and inferior vena cavae and the coronary sinus.
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5
Q

What are three (3) types of blood vessels?

A
  1. Arteries
  2. Veins
  3. Capillaries
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6
Q

What is the main function of arteries?

A

To carry blood away from the heart.

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7
Q

What is the main function of veins?

A

Bring blood back to the heart.

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8
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

Within the thoracic cavity in the mediastinum (between the right and left lung). Approximately 2/3 of the heart is located to the left of the mid-sagittal plane.

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9
Q

What three major steps make up one cardiac cycle?

A
  1. Atrial systole: contraction of the atria, moving the blood from the left and right atrium into the ventricles.
  2. Ventricular systole: contraction of the ventricles, moving the blood to the relevant major arteries.
  3. Diastole: the relaxation of the heart chambers that allows re-filling of the heart chambers.
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10
Q

What are the three main layers of the heart?

A
  1. Epicardium: The outermost layer of the heart, serving as another layer of protection - similar to the pericardium.
  2. Myocardium: Muscular, middle layer of the heart that assists in cardiac systole and diastole.
  3. Endocardium: The innermost layer of the heart. It is comprised of endothelial cells and lines the inner chambers of the heart chambers and valves.
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11
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

The pericardium is a fibrous, fluid-filled sac, that encloses the heart and great vessels. It:

  • protects the heart
  • keeps the heart in a stable position in the mediastinum
  • facilitates the movement of the heart
  • separates the heart from the lungs and other mediastinal structures
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12
Q

What is an Anastomosis?

A

A joining of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, or nerves that allows for an alternative path of flow in the case of occlusion.

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13
Q

What are venae comitantes?

A

Venae comitantes are “accompanying” veins found next to an artery - usually found in limbs.

Comitantes = accompanying.

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14
Q

What is the difference between deep and superficial veins?

A

Deep veins will usually follow the artery of the same name (i.e., femoral artery and femoral vein).

Superficial veins are subcutaneous and do not follow an artery as no superficial arteries exist.

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15
Q

What are the three types/methods of blood-flow through the veins?

A
  1. Arteries near the venae comitantes pulse and drive blood through the veins.
  2. Skeletal pump - skeletal muscle surrounding the veins contract and push blood through the veins.
  3. Vein valves inhibit back flow of blood through the vein.
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16
Q

What are the four types of artery?

A
  1. Elastic artery - more elastic tissue encourages recoil to further push blood through the vessel (i.e., aorta).
  2. Muscular artery - less elastic tissue than elastic artery but more smooth muscle results in ability to contract or relax to adjust diameter, influencing blood-flow to different areas of the body.
  3. Arteriole - smaller arteries with no tunica externa.
  4. Continuous capillary - one cell layer-thick walled vessels with windows allowing exchange of gases/materials.
17
Q

What are the four types of veins?

A
  1. Large vein - largest diameter veins such as SVC and IVC. Usually thinner walls than arteries.
  2. Medium-sized vein - similar to the large vein but smaller.
  3. Venule - smallest vein with no tunica media.
  4. Fenestrated capillary - one cell layer-thick capillaries with windows for material/gas exchange.
18
Q

Which vein drains the majority of the body’s blood-flow?

A

The inferior vena cava.

19
Q

What is the function of the portal venous system?

A

The portal system carries venous blood (rich in nutrients that have been extracted from food) to the liver for processing.

20
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

The heart is located in the thorax. It is in the mediastinum (between the lungs), anterior to the vertebrae. The heart is located superior to the diaphragm. It is located between the second and fifth intercostal spaces.

21
Q

In an ECG, what does the P wave indicate?

A

The P wave is typically shaped like a dome and indicates the depolarisation of the atria.

Depolarisation of the atria causes atrial contraction.

22
Q

What happens to the pressure in the atria during atrial systole (contraction)?

A

The pressure increases.

23
Q

What happens to the ventricular volume during atrial systole?

A

Ventricular volume increases as the blood is pushed through the AV valves during atrial systole.

24
Q

In an ECG, what does the QRS wave represent?

A

The QRS wave represents the depolarisation of the ventricles and indicates the beginning of ventricular contraction.

25
Q

What occurs in the ventricles during isovolumetric contractions?

A

Isovolumetric contractions result in pressure increase within the ventricles. This is because the volume of blood within the ventricles remains the same whilst the area of the ventricles reduces (due to contraction).

When isovolumetric contraction occurs, all of the valves are forced shut by the increased pressure in the ventricles. The semilunar valves also remain closed due to higher pressure inside the aorta and pulmonary trunk as compared to within the ventricles.

Isovolumetric contractions occur at the same time as the QRS wave in an ECG.

26
Q

When does the ejection stage of the cardiac cycle begin?

A

The ejection stage occurs when the pressure within the ventricles exceeds the pressure of the aorta and pulmonary trunk (~80mmHg). This forces the semilunar valves to open and the blood to flow into the arteries.

27
Q

In an ECG, what does the T wave represent?

A

The T wave represents the repolarisation of the ventricles, resulting in ventricular relaxation.

28
Q

What happens to the ventricular volume during the ejection stage of the cardiac cycle?

A

Ventricular volume decreases as the blood is allowed to flow into the neighbouring arteries.

29
Q

What happens to the ventricular pressure during the ejection phase of the cardiac cycle?

A

Ventricular pressure slowly dissipates as the blood is allowed to flow through the semilunar valves.

30
Q

What happens when ventricular pressure decreases below atrial pressure.

A

The AV valves (tricuspid and bicuspid valves) re-open and passive refilling of the ventricles occur.

MD1: Human Homeostasis (2 decks)

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