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BRS: Musculoskeletal & Rheumatology > Introduction to Bone and Soft Tissue > Flashcards

Introduction to Bone and Soft Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the MSK system?

A

Bone
muscle
connective tissue (tendon, ligaments and cartilage)

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2
Q

What is a joint?

A

a point at which 2 separate bones meet

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3
Q

How many bones are there in the adult human skeleton?

A

206 bones (+sesamoids)

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4
Q

How many bones are there in the a child’s human skeleton?

A

270 bones

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5
Q

What two skeletons is the human skeleton split into?

A

Appendicular and axial skeleton

See diagram 4/33

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6
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton compose of?

A

pectoral girdle, upper and lower limbs, pelvic girdle

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7
Q

What does the axial skeleton compose of?

A

Cranium, vertebral column, rib cage

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8
Q

What are the 5 functions of the skeleton?

A
  1. Support - helps you stand up
  2. Protection - protects vital organs
  3. Movement - works with muscles so you can get around
  4. Mineral Storage - stores Calcium and phosphate
  5. Produces blood cells
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9
Q

How do bones develop in utero?

A

Intramembranous (Mesenchymal cells -> bone) — flat bones

Endochondral (Mesenchymal -> cartilage -> bone) — long bones

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10
Q

What does intramembranous ossification form?

A

flat bones of skull, clavicle and mandible

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11
Q

How does intramembranous ossification form bone?

A

(Bone development from fibrous membranes)

With mesenchymal cell template

  1. Condensation of mesenchymal (stem) cells which differentiate into osteoblasts - ossification centre forms
  2. secreted osteoid traps osteoblasts which become osteocytes
  3. Osteoid calcifies and forms slender, needle-like structures of spongy bone called spicules, which aggregate in the form of small supporting beams or trebeculae. Trabecular matrix and periosteum forms
  4. (lamellar) compact bone develops superficial to cancellous bone. Crowded blood vessels condense into red bone marrow

(See diagram 7/33)

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12
Q

What is osteoid?

A

organic part of the bone, consisting of collagen fibres

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13
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

fibrous sheet that covers bone

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14
Q

What is woven bone characterised by?

A

organisation of collagen fibres and is mechanically weak

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15
Q

What is lamellar/compact bone?

A

has regular, parallel alignment of collagen in the form of sheets or lamellae and is mechanically quite strong

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16
Q

What does Endochondral ossification form?

A

long bone from a hyaline cartilage model

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17
Q

which takes longer, intramembranous ossification or endochondral ossification?

A

endochondral ossification

18
Q

What is the primary ossification centre in endochondral ossification?

A

diaphysis

forms the centre of long bones

19
Q

What is the secondary ossification centre in endochondral ossification

A

epiphysis

forms the end of long bones

20
Q

Describe the formation of bones via endochondral ossification.

A

Process begins in the developing fetus.

Around the 8th week of development, chondroblasts begin secreting a cartilaginous matrix that will form the hyaline cartilage model for bone development. Chondrocytes are trapped in lacunae and a perichondrium surrounds the model.

As chondrocytes enlarge, the matrix begins to calcify and chondrocytes begin to die as nutrients cannot diffuse through the newly-formed calcified matrix.
Stem cells within the perichondrium divide to form osteoblasts and a compact bone collar is formed around the calcified cartilage shaft.

  1. Bone collar formation
  2. Cavitation
  3. Periosteal Bud Invasion into the core of the cartilaginous shaft, forming a primary ossification centre
  4. Diaphysis Elongation
  5. Epiphyseal Ossification

(see diagram 9/33)

21
Q

What is the name of the junction between the primary and secondary ossification centres?

A

epiphyseal plate

this is where the growth of bones occur after birth

22
Q

When are most primary ossification centres formed by?

A

12th week of development

23
Q

What are bones made up of?

A

cells

matrix

24
Q

What is the osteogenic cell?

A

bone ‘stem cell’ - precursor to all of these bone cells

25
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

‘bone forming’
secretes osteoid
catalyse mineralisation of osteoid

26
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

‘mature’ bone cells

formed when an osteoblast becomes imbedded in its secretions

sense mechanical strain to direct osteoclast and osteoblast activity

27
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

‘bone breaking’

dissolve and resorb bone by phagocytosis

derived from bone marrow

28
Q

Where do you find osteogenic cells?

A

deep layers of periosteum

see diagram 13/33

29
Q

Where do you find osteoblasts?

A

growing portions of bone, including periosteum and endosteum

see diagram 13/33

30
Q

Where do you find osteocytes?

A

entrapped in matrix

see diagram 13/33

31
Q

Where do you find osteoclasts?

A

Bone surfaces and at sites of old, injured or unneeded bone

see diagram 13/33

32
Q

What is the bone matrix made up of?

A

Organic component 40%

Inorganic component 60%

33
Q

What is the Organic component of the bone matrix made up of?

A

Type 1 Collagen 90%

Ground substance 10% (Proteoglycans, glycoproteins, cytokine + growth factors)

34
Q

What is the inorganic component of the bone matrix made up of?

A

Calcium hydroxyapatite

Osteocalcium phosphate

35
Q

What are the types of bone types?

A

Immature bone

Mature bone

(immature/woven/disorganised bone will go to mature/well-organised bone)

36
Q

What is immature bone?

A

first bone that is produced

laid down in a ‘woven’ manner - relatively weak

mineralised and replaced by mature bone

37
Q

What is mature bone?

A

mineralised woven bone

lamellar (later) structure - relatively strong

38
Q

What are the two types of mature bone?

A

Cortical

Cancellous

39
Q

What is cortical bone?

A

compact/cortical/lamellar

dense

suitable for weight bearing

40
Q

What is cancellous bone?

A

spongy/cancellous

honeycomb structure

not suitable for weight bearing

41
Q

What are the differences between cortical and cancellous bone?

A

(See diagram 17/33)

BRS: Musculoskeletal & Rheumatology (1 decks)

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