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Year 2 MSK > Introduction to Bone and Soft tissue > Flashcards

Introduction to Bone and Soft tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What does the musculoskeletal system consist of?

A

Bone
Muscle
Connective tissue

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2
Q

What are the different types of connective tissue?

A

Tendon
Ligaments
Cartilage

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3
Q

What is the function of cartilage?

A

Structural support
Protect tissues
Attachment sites

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4
Q

How many bones in the human skeleton?

A

206

270 in children

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5
Q

What are the appendicular parts of the skeleton?

A

Pectoral girdle
Upper and lower limbs
Pelvic girdle

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6
Q

What are the axial parts of the skeleton?

A

Cranium
Vertebral Column
Rib cage

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7
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A 
Movement
Support
Protection of vital organs
Calcium storage
Haematopoesis
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8
Q

What are the different types of bones?

A 
Flat bone
Sutured bone
Short bone
Irregular bone
Sesamoid bone
Long bone
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9
Q

What is an osteogenic cell?

A

Bone ‘stem cell’

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10
Q

What is an osteocyte?

A

‘Mature’ bone cell
Formed when an osteoblast becomes embedded in its secretions
Sense mechanical strain to direct osteoclast and osteoblast activity

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11
Q

What is an osteoblast?

A

‘Bone forming’
Secretes ‘osteoid’
Catalyse mineralisation of osteoid

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12
Q

What is an osteoclast?

A

‘Bone breaking’
Dissolve and resorb bone by phagocytosis
Derived from bone marrow

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13
Q

Where do you find osteocytes?

A

Embedded in matrix

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14
Q

Where do you find osteoclasts?

A

Bone surfaces and at sites of old, injured or unneeded bone

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15
Q

Where do you find osteogenic cells?

A

Deep layers of periosteum

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16
Q

Where do you find osteoblasts?

A

Growing portions of bone, including periosteum and endost

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17
Q

What is a osteon?

A

Repeated structural unit

Where you find the 4 types of bone cells

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18
Q

What composes the bone matrix?

A

Organic: Collagen and ground substance

Inorganic: Calcium hydroxyapatite
and osteocalcium phosphate

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19
Q

What is ground substance made of?

A

Proteoglycans
Glycoproteins
Cytokine and Growth factors

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20
Q

What are the main features of immature bones?

A

First bone that is produced
Laid down in a ‘woven’ manner – relatively weak
Mineralised and replaced by mature bone

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21
Q

What are the main features of mature bone?

A

Mineralised woven bone

Lamellar (layer) structure – relatively strong

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22
Q

What are the two types mature bone?

A

Cortical

Cancellous

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23
Q

What are the main features of cortical bone?

A

‘Compact’ – dense

Suitable for weight bearing

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24
Q

What are the main features of cancellous bone?

A

‘Spongy’ – honeycomb structure

Not suitable for weight-bearing

25
Q

What is the growth plate called?

A

Physis

26
Q

What is intramembraneous

ossification?

A

Forms flat bones of skull, clavicle and mandible
Bone development from fibrous membranes
Mesenchymal cell template

27
Q

How does intramembranous ossification occur?

A

Condensation of mesenchymal cells which differentiate into osteoblasts – Ossification centre forms

Secreted osteoid traps osteoblasts which become osteocytes

Trabecular matrix and periosteum form

Compact bone develops superficial to cancellous bone. Crowded blood vessels condense into red bone marrow

28
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

Development of long bone from a hyaline cartilage model

Takes longer than intramembranous ossification

Primary ossification center - diaphysis

Secondary ossification center – epiphysis

29
Q

What are the steps of endochondral ossification?

A 
Bone collar formation
Cavitation
Periosteal bud invasion
Diaphysis elongation
Epiphyseal ossification
30
Q

What is interstitial growth?

A

Long bone lengthening

31
Q

What is the epiphyseal plate?

A

Zone of elongation in long bone
Contains hyaline cartilage
Epiphyseal side – hyaline cartilage active and dividing to form hyaline cartilage matrix
Diaphyseal side – Cartilage calcifies and dies and then replaced by bone

32
Q

What is appositional growth?

A

deposition of bone beneath the periosteum to increase thickness

33
Q

How does appositional growth occur?

A

Ridges in periosteum create groove for periosteal blood vessel

Periosteal ridges fuse, forming an endosteum-lined tunnel

Osteoblasts in endosteum build new concentric lamellae inward toward center of tunnel, forming a new osteon

Bone grows outwards as osteoblasts in periosteum build new circumferential lamellae. Osteon formation repeats as new periosteal ridges fold over blood vessel

34
Q

What are the main features of collagen?

A

Most abundant protein in the human body.
Molecule is a long, rigid structure
Three polypeptides (referred to as α chains) are wound around one another
Rope-like triple helix
Crimping of fibres
Non elastic behavior
Fibre component of connective tissue

35
Q

What is collagen made up of?

A

Amino acid
Collagen molecules
Collagen fibrils
Collagen fibrils

36
Q

Where is type I collagen?

A

Dermis, tendon, ligaments and bone

37
Q

Where is type II collagen?

A

Cartilage, vitreous body, nucleus pulposus

38
Q

Where is type III collagen?

A

Skin, vessel wall, reticular fibre of most tissue (lungs, liver, spleen etc.)

39
Q

What are the main features of tendons?

A

Attaches skeletal muscle to bone
Transmit muscle force to bone
Made of collagen fibres
Stiff and Strong

Structure: Collagen fibers arranged in bundles

40
Q

What is the microstructure of tendons?

A

Parellel arrays of collagen fibres closely packed together
Dry mass 30% of the total mass in water
86% collagen, 2% elastin, 1-5% proteoglycans and 0.2% inorganic components eg. copper, manganese and calcium

41
Q

What is the function of tendons?

A

Transmit muscle forces
Elastic energy storage / recoil
PG resists compressive stresses

42
Q

What are the main functions of ligaments?

A

Connect bone to bone to stabilise joint

Enable proprioception

43
Q

What is the structure of ligaments?

A

Have functional subunits that tighten or loosen depending on joint position
is not densely innervated or vascularised
Contain some blood vessels and nerves in outer covering (epiligament)
Contain proprioceptors
Transmit pain signals via type C fibers

44
Q

What do ligaments consist of?

A

90% Type 1 collagen (strong)
9% Type 3 collagen (immature; greater proportion in healing tissue)
1% fibroblast cells (the cells that produce collagen)

45
Q

What is the function of cartilage?

A

Acts as shock absorber to reduce friction
Covers and protects long bones at joints
Structural component of ribs & IV discs

46
Q

What is cartilage made up of?

A

Made up of chondrocytes – produce large amounts of collagenous ECM, ground substance
Avascular

47
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

Elastic
Hyaline
Fibrocartilage

48
Q

What are the three types of joints?

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

49
Q

Give examples of fibrous joints?

A

Sutures
Syndesmosis
Interosseous membrane

50
Q

Give examples of cartilaginous joints

A

Synchondroses

Symphyses

51
Q

Give examples of synovial joints

A 
Plane
Hinge
Condyloid
Pivot
Saddle
Ball and socket
52
Q

What are the main features of synovial joints?

A

Most common type of joint

Most mobile type of joint

Joint capsule:
Articular capsule (Outer)  – keeps bones together structurally
Synovial membrane (Inner)  - contains synovial fluid

Synovial fluid reduces friction during movement

53
Q

What are the role of ligaments in joint stability?

A

Prevent excessive movement that could damage joint
More ligaments and tighter ligaments –> greater stability BUT less mobility
Less ligaments and laxer ligaments –> greater mobility BUT less stability

54
Q

What factors affect joint stability

A

Joint shape e.g. hip vs shoulder
Ligaments
Tendons
Cartilage (e.g. glenoid labrum)

55
Q

What is the middle shaft of a long bone known as?

A

Diaphysis

56
Q

What are the different parts of the bone?

A

Epiphysis
Physis
Metaphysis
Diaphysis

57
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

Connective tissue covering

58
Q

What is the outer cortex?

A

Compact bone

Cancellous bone

59
Q

What are bone scans used for?

A

Multiple fratures and Infection

Year 2 MSK (9 decks)

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