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Year 2 MSK > Introduction to Bone and Soft tissue > Flashcards

Introduction to Bone and Soft tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What does the musculoskeletal system consist of?

A

Bone
Muscle
Connective tissue

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2
Q

What are the different types of connective tissue?

A

Tendon
Ligaments
Cartilage

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3
Q

What is the function of cartilage?

A

Structural support
Protect tissues
Attachment sites

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4
Q

How many bones in the human skeleton?

A

206

270 in children

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5
Q

What are the appendicular parts of the skeleton?

A

Pectoral girdle
Upper and lower limbs
Pelvic girdle

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6
Q

What are the axial parts of the skeleton?

A

Cranium
Vertebral Column
Rib cage

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7
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A 
Movement
Support
Protection of vital organs
Calcium storage
Haematopoesis
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8
Q

What are the different types of bones?

A 
Flat bone
Sutured bone
Short bone
Irregular bone
Sesamoid bone
Long bone
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9
Q

What is an osteogenic cell?

A

Bone ‘stem cell’

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10
Q

What is an osteocyte?

A

‘Mature’ bone cell
Formed when an osteoblast becomes embedded in its secretions
Sense mechanical strain to direct osteoclast and osteoblast activity

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11
Q

What is an osteoblast?

A

‘Bone forming’
Secretes ‘osteoid’
Catalyse mineralisation of osteoid

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12
Q

What is an osteoclast?

A

‘Bone breaking’
Dissolve and resorb bone by phagocytosis
Derived from bone marrow

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13
Q

Where do you find osteocytes?

A

Embedded in matrix

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14
Q

Where do you find osteoclasts?

A

Bone surfaces and at sites of old, injured or unneeded bone

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15
Q

Where do you find osteogenic cells?

A

Deep layers of periosteum

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16
Q

Where do you find osteoblasts?

A

Growing portions of bone, including periosteum and endost

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17
Q

What is a osteon?

A

Repeated structural unit

Where you find the 4 types of bone cells

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18
Q

What composes the bone matrix?

A

Organic: Collagen and ground substance

Inorganic: Calcium hydroxyapatite
and osteocalcium phosphate

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19
Q

What is ground substance made of?

A

Proteoglycans
Glycoproteins
Cytokine and Growth factors

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20
Q

What are the main features of immature bones?

A

First bone that is produced
Laid down in a ‘woven’ manner – relatively weak
Mineralised and replaced by mature bone

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21
Q

What are the main features of mature bone?

A

Mineralised woven bone

Lamellar (layer) structure – relatively strong

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22
Q

What are the two types mature bone?

A

Cortical

Cancellous

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23
Q

What are the main features of cortical bone?

A

‘Compact’ – dense

Suitable for weight bearing

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24
Q

What are the main features of cancellous bone?

A

‘Spongy’ – honeycomb structure

Not suitable for weight-bearing

25
What is the growth plate called?
Physis
26
What is intramembraneous | ossification?
Forms flat bones of skull, clavicle and mandible Bone development from fibrous membranes Mesenchymal cell template
27
How does intramembranous ossification occur?
Condensation of mesenchymal cells which differentiate into osteoblasts – Ossification centre forms Secreted osteoid traps osteoblasts which become osteocytes Trabecular matrix and periosteum form Compact bone develops superficial to cancellous bone. Crowded blood vessels condense into red bone marrow
28
What is endochondral ossification?
Development of long bone from a hyaline cartilage model Takes longer than intramembranous ossification Primary ossification center - diaphysis Secondary ossification center – epiphysis
29
What are the steps of endochondral ossification?
``` Bone collar formation Cavitation Periosteal bud invasion Diaphysis elongation Epiphyseal ossification ```
30
What is interstitial growth?
Long bone lengthening
31
What is the epiphyseal plate?
Zone of elongation in long bone Contains hyaline cartilage Epiphyseal side – hyaline cartilage active and dividing to form hyaline cartilage matrix Diaphyseal side – Cartilage calcifies and dies and then replaced by bone
32
What is appositional growth?
deposition of bone beneath the periosteum to increase thickness
33
How does appositional growth occur?
Ridges in periosteum create groove for periosteal blood vessel Periosteal ridges fuse, forming an endosteum-lined tunnel Osteoblasts in endosteum build new concentric lamellae inward toward center of tunnel, forming a new osteon Bone grows outwards as osteoblasts in periosteum build new circumferential lamellae. Osteon formation repeats as new periosteal ridges fold over blood vessel
34
What are the main features of collagen?
Most abundant protein in the human body. Molecule is a long, rigid structure Three polypeptides (referred to as α chains) are wound around one another Rope-like triple helix Crimping of fibres Non elastic behavior Fibre component of connective tissue
35
What is collagen made up of?
Amino acid Collagen molecules Collagen fibrils Collagen fibrils
36
Where is type I collagen?
Dermis, tendon, ligaments and bone
37
Where is type II collagen?
Cartilage, vitreous body, nucleus pulposus
38
Where is type III collagen?
Skin, vessel wall, reticular fibre of most tissue (lungs, liver, spleen etc.)
39
What are the main features of tendons?
Attaches skeletal muscle to bone Transmit muscle force to bone Made of collagen fibres Stiff and Strong Structure: Collagen fibers arranged in bundles
40
What is the microstructure of tendons?
Parellel arrays of collagen fibres closely packed together Dry mass 30% of the total mass in water 86% collagen, 2% elastin, 1-5% proteoglycans and 0.2% inorganic components eg. copper, manganese and calcium
41
What is the function of tendons?
Transmit muscle forces Elastic energy storage / recoil PG resists compressive stresses
42
What are the main functions of ligaments?
Connect bone to bone to stabilise joint Enable proprioception
43
What is the structure of ligaments?
Have functional subunits that tighten or loosen depending on joint position is not densely innervated or vascularised Contain some blood vessels and nerves in outer covering (epiligament) Contain proprioceptors Transmit pain signals via type C fibers
44
What do ligaments consist of?
90% Type 1 collagen (strong) 9% Type 3 collagen (immature; greater proportion in healing tissue) 1% fibroblast cells (the cells that produce collagen)
45
What is the function of cartilage?
Acts as shock absorber to reduce friction Covers and protects long bones at joints Structural component of ribs & IV discs
46
What is cartilage made up of?
Made up of chondrocytes – produce large amounts of collagenous ECM, ground substance Avascular
47
What are the three types of cartilage?
Elastic Hyaline Fibrocartilage
48
What are the three types of joints?
Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial
49
Give examples of fibrous joints?
Sutures Syndesmosis Interosseous membrane
50
Give examples of cartilaginous joints
Synchondroses | Symphyses
51
Give examples of synovial joints
``` Plane Hinge Condyloid Pivot Saddle Ball and socket ```
52
What are the main features of synovial joints?
Most common type of joint Most mobile type of joint ``` Joint capsule: Articular capsule (Outer) – keeps bones together structurally Synovial membrane (Inner) - contains synovial fluid ``` Synovial fluid reduces friction during movement
53
What are the role of ligaments in joint stability?
Prevent excessive movement that could damage joint More ligaments and tighter ligaments --> greater stability BUT less mobility Less ligaments and laxer ligaments --> greater mobility BUT less stability
54
What factors affect joint stability
Joint shape e.g. hip vs shoulder Ligaments Tendons Cartilage (e.g. glenoid labrum)
55
What is the middle shaft of a long bone known as?
Diaphysis
56
What are the different parts of the bone?
Epiphysis Physis Metaphysis Diaphysis
57
What is the periosteum?
Connective tissue covering
58
What is the outer cortex?
Compact bone | Cancellous bone
59
What are bone scans used for?
Multiple fratures and Infection

Year 2 MSK (9 decks)

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