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P1: Ren > Introduction to Bodily Fluids > Flashcards

Introduction to Bodily Fluids Flashcards

1
Q

What is the total body water as a %?

A

→ 60%

50% in females

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2
Q

How much is intracellular water?

A

→ 40%

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3
Q

How much is extracellular water?

A

→ 20%

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4
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A

→ process where the concentration of solutes is regulated

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5
Q

Why is osmoregulation needed?

A

→ to avoid large disruptive movements of water between ICF and ECF

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6
Q

What is the plasma compartment sometimes called?

A

→ Effective circulating volume

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7
Q

What do starling forces determine?

A

→ Fluid and solute movement between plasma and interstitial fluid

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8
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

→ total concentration of osmotically active solutes

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9
Q

Why must osmolarity be kept the same?

A

→ Avoid excessive shifts of water between ECF and ICF

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10
Q

What is the principal electrolyte of the ECF?

A

→ Sodium

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11
Q

Why can ECF be regulated?

A

→ It is continuous

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12
Q

How many compartments is the ICF made from?

A

→ 1x10^14

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13
Q

What are the concentrations of Na+ in mmol/L in ICF and ECF?

A

ECF : 135-145

ICF - 5-10

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14
Q

What are the concentrations of K+ in mmol/L in ICF and ECF?

A

ECF : 3-5

ICF : 130-150

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15
Q

What will large shifts between ECFV and ICFV cause?

A

→ disrupts tissue function and structure

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16
Q

What does tissue perfusion depend on?

A

→ Balance between circulating volume and interstitial volume

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17
Q

What do salt and water balance depend on?

A

→ Osmoregulation

→ Volume regulation

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18
Q

What does osmoregulation maintain?

A

→ Maintains osmotic equilibrium between ICFV and ECFV

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19
Q

What does volume regulation maintain?

A

→adequate ECFV to support plasma volume

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20
Q

What is the equation for investigating plasma osmolarity?

A

→2[Na] + 2[K] + [Glucose] + [Urea] (all in mmol L-1)

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21
Q

What is the ion that has the biggest impact on osmolarity?

A

→ Na+

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22
Q

Why can other ions be neglected as contributing to osmolarity?

A

→they are present in much lower concentrations

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23
Q

What are the two ways to change the osmolarity of a solution?

A

→Add/Remove Solute

→Add/Remove Water

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24
Q

How do the kidneys respond when plasma osmolarity rises?

A

→ More water needed

→Kidneys respond by producing a small volume of concentrated urine (water retention)

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25
Q

How do the kidneys respond when plasma osmolarity falls?

A

→ Too much water

→Kidneys respond by producing a large volume of dilute urine (water excretion)

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26
Q

What volume does volume regulation refer to?

A

→Circulating plasma volume

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27
Q

What are volume changes detected by?

A

→Stretch and pressure receptors in the CVS

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28
Q

What is a fall in blood volume opposed by?

A

→ Sodium retention
→ water follows osmotically
→restoring the volume

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29
Q

Why does an increase in sodium not cause a huge change in osmolarity?

A

→the concentration (and hence osmolarity) is little changed because the retained sodium brings water with it.

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30
Q

What is the kidneys central function?

A

→ Salt and water balance

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31
Q

How does the kidney carry out its central function?

A

→regulating the amount of urine to conserve or excrete, water, and its concentration, the amount of salt

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32
Q

What is a by product of kidney function?

A

→ Urine

33
Q

What is the urinary tract important for?

A

→ Temporary storage and removing the urine from the body

34
Q

What are the 7 functions of the kidney?

A

→Osmoregulation
→Volume regulation
→Acid-base balance
→Regulation of electrolytes balance, (eg potassium, calcium, phosphate)
→Removal of metabolic waste products from blood
→Removal of foreign chemicals in the blood (e.g. drugs)
→Regulation of red blood cell production (EPO)

35
Q

What is the nephron?

A

→ Functional unit of the kidney

36
Q

What does the nephron consist of?

A

→special blood vessels and elaborate tubules (tiny tubules)

→Microscopic structures, 1.25 million per kidney

37
Q

What are the 4 major structures in a nephron?

A

→Blood vessels
→The glomerulus
→Bowman capsule
→The renal tubule

Bowman’s capsule
Proximal tubule (proximal convoluted tubule, PCT)
Loop of Henle
Distal tubule (DCT)
Collecting duct (CD)
CDs join and ultimately drain into ureter

38
Q

Describe the blood flow entering the nephron

A 
Renal artery
↓
Segmental arteries
↓
Interlobar arteries
↓
Arcuate arteries
↓
Interlobular arteries
↓
Afferent arterioles
↓
Nephrons
39
Q

Describe the blood flow leaving the nephron

A 
Nephron
↓
Venules
↓
Interlobular veins
↓
Arcuate veins
↓
Interlobar veins
↓
Renal vein
40
Q

What is the whole kidney supplied by?

A

→ Renal artery

41
Q

What does the renal artery subdivide into?

A

→ Many renal arterioles supplying each nephron

42
Q

Where does the kidney drain into?

A

→ The renal vein

43
Q

What is the renal vein supplied by?

A

→venules coming away from each nephron

→joining together into larger veins which merge into the renal vein.

44
Q

What are the 4 basic processes of renal function?

A

→Glomerular Filtration
→Tubular Reabsorption
→Tubular Secretion
→Excretion of Water and Solutes in the Urine

45
Q

What is the blood filtered through every few minutes?

A

→The entire blood plasma volume is filtered through the Bowman’s capsule every few minutes

46
Q

What is reabsorption?

A

→Things you want are grabbed back from the filtrate as it makes its way along the nephron

47
Q

Where is the plasma filtered?

A

→glomerulus

→renal tubule

48
Q

What is the driving force behind glomerular filtration?

A

→Hydrostatic pressure which is due to the blood pressure of the afferent arteriole

49
Q

What drives filtration?

A

→The pressure gradient between the afferent and efferent arteriole

50
Q

What is filtration opposed by?

A

→It will be opposed by forces favouring reabsorption due to plasma proteins which aren’t filtered out of the capillaries

51
Q

What Is the amount of filtrate the kidneys produce each minute?

A

→ GFR

52
Q

What happens to GFR during renal failure?

A

→ It is reduced

53
Q

What can be used as an index for GFR?

A

→ Plasma creatinine

54
Q

What does hydrostatic pressure do to fluids and solutes?

A

→Hydrostatic pressure forces fluids and solutes through the glomerular capillary membrane

55
Q

What leads to the production of ultra filtrate in Bowmans capsule?

A

→Small molecules pass readily

→Large ones (proteins) and cells cannot pass

56
Q

What are selectively reabsorbed in the primary filtrate?

A

→Water and solutes in the primary filtrate are selectively reabsorbed

57
Q

Where are substances reabsorbed from and to?

A

→ from the tubular lumen into the peritubular capillaries

58
Q

What is tubular secretion important for?

A

→Disposing of substances which are not already in the filtrate
→Eliminating undesirable substances such as urea and uric acid
→Ridding the body of excess potassium ions in DT and CD
→Controlling blood pH relies on H+ secretion in DT and CD

59
Q

What is excreted as urine?

A

→Whatever is left in the renal tubule at the end of these processes is excreted as urine

60
Q

What is the control of water balance based on?

A

→The control of water balance (osmoregulation) is based on the control of the osmolarity of the ECFV

61
Q

What should the total water balance be?

A

→ 0

62
Q

What is the physiological response to water restriction?

A

→Loss of water (sweat, breathing).

63
Q

What is the response when plasma osmolality rises?

A

→ increased secretion of ADH (Antidiuretic hormone, also known as vasopressin) target renal tubule
→A decreased urine volume
→An increased urine osmolality

64
Q

What is the physiological response to an increased water intake?

A

→Increase in water absorption through GIT

Continued water restriction beyond this point will increase ECF osmolality

65
Q

What is the response when plasma osmolality falls?

A

→The response the reduced secretion of ADH
→Urine volume increases
→Urine osmolality decreases

Decreased thirst

66
Q

What is osmolality related to?

A

→ Total solute concentration

67
Q

What is the biggest contributor to osmolality?

A

→ Na

68
Q

What is the sodium retaining system?

A

→ RAAS system

69
Q

What is the sodium eliminating system?

A

→ ANP (cardiac natriuretic peptides)

70
Q

What is ECF volume determined by?

A

ECF volume is determined by the amount of Na+ in this compartment.

The sympathetic nervous system, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and natriuretic peptides are important components of the system needed to maintain steady-state Na+ balance.

71
Q

What must be balanced to maintain constant ECF volume?

A

→To maintain constant ECF volume (i.e., euvolemia), Na+ excretion must match Na+ intake.

72
Q

What is the major route for eliminating Na+ from the body?

A

→ Kidneys

73
Q

Where are volume sensors located and what do they monitor ?

A

→ located primarily in the vascular system

→monitor volume and pressure.

74
Q

What happens when ECF volume expansion occurs?

A

→ neural and hormonal signals are sent to the kidneys to increase the excretion of NaCl and water
→ thereby restore euvolemia.

75
Q

What are 3 important components in maintaining a steady state Na+ balance?

A

→The sympathetic nervous system
→the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
→natriuretic peptide

76
Q

How does ADH stimulate water reabsorption?

A

insertion of “water channels” or aquaporins into the membranes of kidney tubules.
→channels transport solute-free water through tubular cells and back into blood, leading to a decrease in plasma osmolarity

77
Q

What is the structural organisation of the nephron blood vessels?

A

→Afferent arteriole- enters interstitial space in the glomerulus
→Glomerulus
→Efferent arteriole- divides into capillary network
→Peritubular capillaries
→Vasa recta- surrounding loop of henle

78
Q

Describe tubular reabsorption

A

→About 70% of filtered salt and water reabsorbed from proximal tubule
20-25% from loop of Henle
→Variable fraction of remaining 5-10% is reabsorbed from distal tubule and collecting duct
→Fractional reabsorption is important in controlling salt and water balance

P1: Ren (13 decks)

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