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Foundations Week 2 > Introduction to Blood I and II > Flashcards

Introduction to Blood I and II Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of blood (formed and nonformed)?

A

Formed:

  • RBCs (erythrocytes)
  • WBCs (leukocytes)
  • platelets (thrombocytes)

Non-formed (all make up plasma):

  • water
  • sugars
  • proteins
  • lipids
  • vitamins
  • minerals
  • electrolytes
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2
Q

Describe how cells of blood develop from progenitor stem cells in the bone marrow

A

pluripotent stem cells differentiate into either myeloid stem cells or lymphoid stem cells

lymphoid stem cells–> stem cells fro B and T lymphocytes

myeloid stem cells –> stem cells for erythrocytes, platelets, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils

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3
Q

How long does it take RBCs to develop in bone marrow, how long do they last in periphery?

A

development: 7 days

life in periphery: 120 days

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4
Q

How long does it take neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils to develop in bone marrow, how long do they remain in circulation, tissues?

A

development: 10-14 days
blood circulation: <1 day
tissues: live for 1-2 days

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5
Q

How long does it take monocytes to develop in bone marrow, how long do they circulate, live?

A

development: 2-3 days
circulate: about 3 days
live: about 2 months

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6
Q

How long does it take platelets to develop, how long do they last in circulation?

A

development: 5-10 days
circulation: 7-10 days

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7
Q

What are the morphologic features of neutrophils?

A
  • multilobed nuclei
  • nuclei stain dark
  • fine granules are visible in cytoplasm
  • blue staining
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8
Q

What are the morphologic features of eosinophils?

A
  • bilobed nuclei, stains blue

- granules in cytoplasm stains red

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9
Q

What are the morphologic features of basophils?

A
  • bilobed nuclei, stains blue

- nuclei obscured by dark purple large granules in cytoplasm

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10
Q

What are the morphologic features of monocytes?

A
  • large, indented nucleus; stains blue

- cytoplasm stains a light blue-gray with fine granules visible

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11
Q

What are the morphologic features of lymphocytes?

A
  • stain blue with a very thin ring of cytoplasm around the nucleus
  • nucleus is dark with gray-blue cytoplasm
  • granules might be visible
  • smaller than other WBCs
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12
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A
  • first WBCs to arrive on scene
  • acute immune response
  • killers, digesters (degrade tissue), and clean up at end
  • can phagocytose foreign material, including microbes
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13
Q

What is the function of eosinophils?

A
  • involved in allergic reactions, parasitic infections, and chronic inflammation
  • cytokines may cause tissue damage
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14
Q

What is the function of lymphocytes?

A
  • main cells of immune system

- involved in cell-mediated immunity, humoral immunity, and innate immunity

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15
Q

What is the function of basophils?

A
  • related to mast cells of CT
  • release vasoactive agents when stimulated
  • mast cell precursor?
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16
Q

What is the function of monocytes?

A
  • leave bone marrow and develop into macrophages in tissues where they phagocytose foreign material and cellular debris
  • APCs for adaptive immune system
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17
Q

Leukopenia is related to functions of what WBCs?

A
  • shortage of WBCs

- commonly found as neutrophenia, but lymphopenia does occur

18
Q

Leukocytosis is related to what WBCs?

A
  • increase of WBCs (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes)
  • generally occurs due to one of three things:
    1 - increased release from marrow, often due to infection
    2 - decreased margination and extravasation due to corticosteroids or exercise
    3 - increased number of marrow precursors due to infection, inflammation, or neoplasms
19
Q

What is the significance of a left-shift of granulocytes in the blood?

A
  • if body is under stress and needs a larger immune response (infection, inflammation, marrow disease, etc) then earlier precursors of granulocytes can be released into the blood where they will then mature
  • these stressors will also increase the production of WBCs
  • normally, neutrophils at this band stage will remain in the bone marrow and only mature neutrophils will be in circulation, but if a left shift occurs, then band neutrophils will be visible in circulation
20
Q

Define anemia

A
  • reduction in either RBCs or hemoglobin that leads to organ hypoxia (lack of ability to transport oxygen)
  • some symptoms are pale appearance, weakness, easy fatigability, chest pain, and SOB on exertion
21
Q

Anemia can be classified by what two approaches?

A
  • underlying mechanism (kinetic approach)

- morphologic approahce

22
Q

What are examples of kinetic approach classifications of anemia?

A
  • increased blood loss (chronic or acute)
  • increased destruction (infection of RBCs, antibody-mediated)
  • impaired production (nutritional deficiencies, marrow disorders, thalassemia)
23
Q

What are examples of morphologic approach classifications of anemia?

A
  • macrocytic (larger than normal)
  • microcytic (smaller than normal)
  • normocytic (normal size)
  • hypochromic (decreased amount of Hb, measured by MCHC or MCH; increased central pallor)
  • normochromic (normal amount of Hb)
24
Q

What are the main functions and components of the hemostasis system?

A
  • rapid formation of a clot to stop bleeding from a damaged vessel
  • prevent out of control clot formation

the four components of system are:

  • vessel wall and platelets (primary hemostasis)
  • coagulation cascade (secondary hemostasis)
  • counter-regulatory mechanisms (factor inhibitors, fibrinolysis)
25
Q

Tissue factor is external to the blood, and only leaks in to the blood when tissue is damaged. When it combines with ____, then the extrinsic pathway has been initiated. _____ measures time to formation of fibrin through extrinsic and common pathway.

A

Tissue factor is external to the blood, and only leaks in to the blood when tissue is damaged. When it combines with FVIII, then the extrinsic pathway has been initiated. PT (prothrombin time) measures time to formation of fibrin through extrinsic and common pathway.

26
Q

Compare/contrast bleeding defects (platelet vs coagulation factor deficiency)

characteristic locations of bleeding?

A

platelet disorder: mucosal

CFD: deep tissue or within joints

27
Q

Compare/contrast bleeding defects (platelet vs coagulation factor deficiency)

bleeding after minor cuts?

A

platelet: no
CFD: yes

28
Q

Compare/contrast bleeding defects (platelet vs coagulation factor deficiency)

petechiae?

A

platelet: yes
CFD: no

29
Q

Compare/contrast bleeding defects (platelet vs coagulation factor deficiency)

ecchymoses (small or large? deep or superficial?) (bruising)

A

platelet: small, superficial
CFD: large, deep

30
Q

Compare/contrast bleeding defects (platelet vs coagulation factor deficiency)

hemarthrosis?

A

platelet: no
CFD: yes

31
Q

Compare/contrast bleeding defects (platelet vs coagulation factor deficiency)

timing of bleeding after surgery?

A

platelet: immediate
CFD: delayed

32
Q

What are the two main causes of thrombocytopenia?

(Deficiency of platelets in the blood. This causes bleeding into the tissues, bruising, and slow blood clotting after injury)

A
  • thrombocytopenia can be caused by DECREASED PRODUCTION OF PLATELETS. this happens due to drug use, primary bone marrow disorders, vitamin deficiency, congenital disorders, and infection (HIV)
  • ACCELERATED DESTRUCTION can also cause thrombocytopenia. the marrow functions normally in creating platelets, but the platelets are destroyed by an immune mediated or non-immune mediated process
33
Q

Compare/contrast von Willebrand disease and Hemophilia A in terms of type of bleeding, defect, lab features and treatment

A

von Willebrand:

  • platelets cannot adhere to the site of tissue damage because the body does not produce/does not produce enough von Willebrand factor (decreased production or function)
  • bleeding is platelet-like: mucocutaneous bleeding (nosebleeds, petechiae, purpura, menorrhagia)
  • multiple variants of the disease have been described relating to the number and function of vWF. If vWD is sever, symptoms may look more like hemophilia.
  • in lab findings, platelet count is normal, but vWF protein and/or function is reduced
  • to treat, use desmopressin (causes relase of vWF and FVIII from endothelial cells) or vWF replacement

Hemophilia A:

  • deficiency in FVIII (a coagulation factor that allows fibrin to cement together the clot)
  • symptoms include easy bruising, hemorrhage after surgery, intracranial hemorrhage, bleeding at circumcision, and spontaneous hemorrhage into joints
  • in lab findings, Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT) is prolonged (intrinsic and common pathway), Prothrombin time (PT) is normal (extrinsic and common pathways), and FVIII activity is low.
  • treat with FVIII replacement
34
Q

von Willebrand disease is an issue with

A

platelet adherence due to decreased production or function of vWF

35
Q

Hemophilia A is an issue with

A

deficiency in FVIII

36
Q

FVIII is what?

A

a coagulation factor that allows fibrin to cement together the clot

37
Q

Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT) has to do with which pathways?

A

intrinsic and common

38
Q

Prothrombin time has to do with which pathways?

A

extrinsic and common

39
Q

Intrinsic pathways involve what factors?

A 
FXII
FXI
FIX
FVIII
Thrombin
40
Q

Extrinsic pathways involve what factors?

A

FVII

Tissue Factor

41
Q

Common pathways involve what factors?

A

FX
FV
FXIII
FII

Foundations Week 2 (8 decks)

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