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IOE Dentistry Molecular And Cellular Biochemistry > Introduction To Biomolecules > Flashcards

Introduction To Biomolecules Flashcards

1
Q

What are monosaccharides and how are they classified

A

Basic units of carbohydrates aka simple sugars
They are classified according to backbone carbons ( normally 4-6 carbon atoms)
Carbon atoms numbered from end containing reactive carbonyl

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2
Q

What are relevant examples of triode and tetrose

A

Triose has 3 carbons and examples consist of glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone

Tetrose has 4 carbons and example of erythrose

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3
Q

What are the predominant monosaccharides in the body

A

Glyceraldehyde ( an aldotrise)
Dihydroxyacetone (ketotriose)

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4
Q

How many chiral carbons do carbohydrates at least contains and what does this mean?

A

Carbohydrates contain at least 1 chiral carbon which means they are optically active

They can exists in D or L conformations
Are determined by orientation of hydroxyl on the chiral carbon furtherest from the carbonyl

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5
Q

How are intramolecular hemiacetals or hemiketals produced?

A

Aldehydes and ketones groups can react with alcohol groups to produce intramolecular hemiacteals or hemiketals

The rings can open and close allowing rotation about the carbon bearing the reactive carbonly - the anom1eric carbon

Alpha and beta configurations- anomers

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6
Q

What is mutarotation

A

Spontaneous change between alpha and beta configurations

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7
Q

What does mutarotation result in

A

Results in the formation of 5 or 6 member red rings
- 5 memevered ring structures are called furanoses
6 members ring structures are called pyramided

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8
Q

What is the cyclic Fischer projection

A

Hydroxyl orientations towards the ring for the alpha shiner

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9
Q

What is the hat worth projection

A

Hydroxyl orientated downwards for the alpha anomer

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10
Q

what is the chair conformation?

A

Hydroxyl orientated downwards for the alpha anomer

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11
Q

What is a glysocsodic linkage?

A

Type of covalent bond that joins carbohydrate to another group which may or may not be a carbohydrate

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12
Q

How are dissacharides formed and what are its bonds

A

Diassacharides are formed by two monosaccharides joining together by glycosidic linkages

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13
Q

What are glycosidic linkages?

A

Glycosidic linkages are covalent bonds between one anomer if hydroxyl and another hydroxyl of a second sugar
They can be alpha or beta

The resulting disaccharide are also called glycosides

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14
Q

What is sucrose formed from and where is is found and what linkage

A

Sucrose is formed from glucose and fructose and is found in sugar cane/ beets

They have a alpha(1,2) glycosidic linkage

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15
Q

What is lactose formed from and where is it found and what linkage?

A

Lactose is formed from galactose and glucose and is found exclusively in mammalian milk with beta (1,4) glycosidic linkage

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16
Q

What is lactose intolerance caused by?

A

I ability to digest lactose in milk

Due to a lack of the enzyme lactase - hydrolyses lactose in glucose and galactose

The bacteria in the gut can metabolise lactose through fermentation

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17
Q

How is maltose formed and where is it found and the linkage

A

Maltose is formed from glucose and glucose
It is forums in germinating greasing

Alpha (1,4) glycosidic libkage

Intermediate in intestinal digestion of glycogen and starch

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18
Q

What are oligosaccharides and name examples

A

Carbohydrates with 3-10 units of simples sugar

Few naturally occurring oligosachharides are found in plant

Eg. Raffinose, stfhyose and verascose

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19
Q

What is raffinose comprised of and melibose

A

Raffinose is comprised of melibose and fructose joined by the alpha (1,2) glycosidic libkage

Melibiose is similar to lactose but units are joined by alpha (1,6) glysocsidic linkage)

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20
Q

What are polysaccharides

A

Carbohydrates with more than 10 units of simple sugars

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21
Q

What is the predominant building block found in polysaccharides

A

D glucose

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22
Q

What are homopolysaccharides and heteropolysaccharides?

A

Polysaccharides comprise of singl type of sugar called homopolysaccahrides

Heteropolysaccharides comprise of multiple types of sugar

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23
Q

What is glycogen and it’s homopolymer and properties

A

Glycogen is major form of stored carbohydrates in animals
- a homopolymer of alpha D glucose in alpha (1,4) glysocisidc linkages
- highly branched - alpha (1,6) glycosidic linkages occur every 8-10 residues
- compact structure due to cooling of polymer chains
-large amounts of carbon energy stored in small volume

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24
Q

What is starch

A

Major form of stored carb in plants
Identical to glycogen but lower degree of branching
Alpha 1,6 glycosidic linkages
Exists in unbranched and branched forms ( amylose and amylopectin respectively)

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25
What is cellulose
Component of plant cell walls Homopolymer of beta- D glucose in beta (1,4) glysocisidc linkage Unbranched Microfibrils arrange in parallels to form cellulose fibrils
26
What do derivative carbohydrates contain
Nitrogen , phosphate and sultry compounds
27
How do glycolipids and glycoproteins form
Caberohhdrates join lipids - GL join proteins -GP
28
What are glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)?
- most abundant heteropolysaccharides found in the body Long unbranched polysaccharides - located on surface of cells or ECM - linked to core proteins forming proteoglycabs
29
What is hyaluronate formed from
D glucuronate and GlcNAc Beta (1,3) glycosidic linkages
30
Where is dermatan sultans formed from
L- iduronate and GalNac 4 Sundays Beta (1,3) glycosidic linkage
31
What is Chondroitin -4- sulfate and 6- sulfate formed from
D-glucuronate and GalNAc -4 sulfate or GalNAc 6 sulfate
32
What is heparan sulfate formed from
D glucornate -2 sulfate or D-iduronate-2 sulfate and N-sukhi- D glucosamine 6 sulfate Alpha (1,4) glycosidic linkage
33
What are purines and pyrimidine derivatives
Purine derivatives are adenine and guanine PurAG pyrimidine derivatives are thymine, cytosine and uracil PyrCUT
34
What are nucleosides?
Purine and pyrimidine are linked to carbohydrates Carbohydrate are either D-ribose or 2’ decoy-D-ribose Beta -N glysocidic linkage between anomeric carbon of ribose and nitrogen of base Nitrogen 9 for purines nitrogen1 for pyrimidine
35
What are nucleotides
Monomer units that make up DNA and RNA comprised of nitrogenous base, Penrose sugar and phosphate group
36
How are carbons of Penrose sugars distinguished form backbone of nitrogen Ouse base
‘ marks
37
What are polynucleotides
Formed by condensation of 2 or more nucleotides Occurred between alcohol of 5- phosphate and 3’ hydroxyl of second molecules Phosphodiester bond formed
38
What are major functions of nucleotides
- improtnat metabolites of cell - form basic structural unit of nucleus acids such as RNA and DNA - Enegry stores for use in phosphate transfer reactions - improtsnt in coenzymes - NAD, NADP, AFD and coA -mediators of cellular processes as second messengers in signal transduction
39
What is basic structure of AA
H-N - HC- R-COOH
40
How are AA linked?
-Linked by peptide bonds -Between carboxyl and amine groups of adjacent AA -condensation reaction as water is released
41
What is the definition of lipid
Molecule that is insoluble in aww solution but soluble in organic solvents
42
What are the properties and structure of lipids
Long chain hydrocarbon Carboxylic acid now itt at one end Carbon numbering begins with carboxyl end May be saturated or unsaturated
43
What isomerism does unsaturated fatty acids exhibit
Cis trans Cis - adjacent carbons lie on same side Trans - adjacent carbons lie on opposite sides of double bonds
44
What are properties of saturated fatty acids
Very stable, stack tightly, solid at room temperature Eg butter,eggs, oil
45
What are properties of unsaturated fatty acids
Prone to rancidity Do not stack tightly Liquid at room temperature Found in plant oiks
46
What are linoleic acid and linolenic acid
Essential fatty acids Animals cannot synthesise
47
What do triacykglycerols comprise
Glycerol backbone and 3 FA - energy storage depot - provide thermal insulation -no electric charge
48
What are phospholipids
Glycerol backbone 2 FA 1 phosphoric acid
49
What is the simplest phospholipid
Phosphatidic acid
50
What are the most abundant lipids in the membrane and it’s properties
Glycerophospholipids They are amphipathic FA 1 is usually saturated FA 2 is usually UNsaturated
51
What is the precursor for eicosanoid synthesis
Arachidonic acid
52
What are steroids and it’s link to cholesterol
Cholesterol is most common steroid Characterised by carbon Skelton consisting of 4 rings Common in eukaryotic cells Principle sterol in animal
53
What is the principle sterol in fungi and plants
Fungi- ergosterol Plants- sitosterol
54
What structure does sterol have
Hydroxyl group attached to first ring C=C double bond distinguished one sterol from another Does not form aggregates in water Adds rigidity strengthening against mechanical rupture
55
Name some steroid hormones
Pregnenolone Testetosterone Progesterone esradiol
56
What is pregnenolone produced from
Cholesterol and acts as precursor for carbon 18 ,19 and 21 steroid
57
What is function of estradiol
It’s an estrogen Female sex hormone produced in the ovaries Responsible for sex characteristic
58
What is progesterone and it’s function
Produced from pregnelone and secreted from corpus kuteya Response for changes in luteral phase of menstrual cycle
59
Where is testosterone synthesised from and responsible
Synthesised from tested It’s an androgen Responsible for secondary mail sex characteristics
60
What is the role of fatty acids
Major component of stored fat Components of more complex membrane lipids
61
What is the role for triglycerides
- efficient for long term energy storage - high potential energy - large molecules - g for g they have over twice energy of carbohydrate Act as fat deposits under the skin and cut heat loss by 2/3 Protect and cushion organs Virtually non-polar, allowing for more efficient storage
62
What are phospholipids role
Major component of all cell membrane Self assemble into a bilayer in contact with water
63
What is the role of cholesterol
- precursors for synthesis of vitamin d , testosterone, oestrogen, progesterone,aldosterone, cortisol and bile salts - important role in membrane structure - rigidity - abnormal deposition within the body can lead to atherosclerosis

IOE Dentistry Molecular And Cellular Biochemistry (7 decks)

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