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IOE Dentistry Molecular And Cellular Biochemistry > Introduction To Biomolecules > Flashcards

Introduction To Biomolecules Flashcards

1
Q

What are monosaccharides and how are they classified

A

Basic units of carbohydrates aka simple sugars
They are classified according to backbone carbons ( normally 4-6 carbon atoms)
Carbon atoms numbered from end containing reactive carbonyl

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2
Q

What are relevant examples of triode and tetrose

A

Triose has 3 carbons and examples consist of glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone

Tetrose has 4 carbons and example of erythrose

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3
Q

What are the predominant monosaccharides in the body

A

Glyceraldehyde ( an aldotrise)
Dihydroxyacetone (ketotriose)

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4
Q

How many chiral carbons do carbohydrates at least contains and what does this mean?

A

Carbohydrates contain at least 1 chiral carbon which means they are optically active

They can exists in D or L conformations
Are determined by orientation of hydroxyl on the chiral carbon furtherest from the carbonyl

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5
Q

How are intramolecular hemiacetals or hemiketals produced?

A

Aldehydes and ketones groups can react with alcohol groups to produce intramolecular hemiacteals or hemiketals

The rings can open and close allowing rotation about the carbon bearing the reactive carbonly - the anom1eric carbon

Alpha and beta configurations- anomers

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6
Q

What is mutarotation

A

Spontaneous change between alpha and beta configurations

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7
Q

What does mutarotation result in

A

Results in the formation of 5 or 6 member red rings
- 5 memevered ring structures are called furanoses
6 members ring structures are called pyramided

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8
Q

What is the cyclic Fischer projection

A

Hydroxyl orientations towards the ring for the alpha shiner

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9
Q

What is the hat worth projection

A

Hydroxyl orientated downwards for the alpha anomer

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10
Q

what is the chair conformation?

A

Hydroxyl orientated downwards for the alpha anomer

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11
Q

What is a glysocsodic linkage?

A

Type of covalent bond that joins carbohydrate to another group which may or may not be a carbohydrate

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12
Q

How are dissacharides formed and what are its bonds

A

Diassacharides are formed by two monosaccharides joining together by glycosidic linkages

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13
Q

What are glycosidic linkages?

A

Glycosidic linkages are covalent bonds between one anomer if hydroxyl and another hydroxyl of a second sugar
They can be alpha or beta

The resulting disaccharide are also called glycosides

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14
Q

What is sucrose formed from and where is is found and what linkage

A

Sucrose is formed from glucose and fructose and is found in sugar cane/ beets

They have a alpha(1,2) glycosidic linkage

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15
Q

What is lactose formed from and where is it found and what linkage?

A

Lactose is formed from galactose and glucose and is found exclusively in mammalian milk with beta (1,4) glycosidic linkage

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16
Q

What is lactose intolerance caused by?

A

I ability to digest lactose in milk

Due to a lack of the enzyme lactase - hydrolyses lactose in glucose and galactose

The bacteria in the gut can metabolise lactose through fermentation

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17
Q

How is maltose formed and where is it found and the linkage

A

Maltose is formed from glucose and glucose
It is forums in germinating greasing

Alpha (1,4) glycosidic libkage

Intermediate in intestinal digestion of glycogen and starch

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18
Q

What are oligosaccharides and name examples

A

Carbohydrates with 3-10 units of simples sugar

Few naturally occurring oligosachharides are found in plant

Eg. Raffinose, stfhyose and verascose

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19
Q

What is raffinose comprised of and melibose

A

Raffinose is comprised of melibose and fructose joined by the alpha (1,2) glycosidic libkage

Melibiose is similar to lactose but units are joined by alpha (1,6) glysocsidic linkage)

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20
Q

What are polysaccharides

A

Carbohydrates with more than 10 units of simple sugars

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21
Q

What is the predominant building block found in polysaccharides

A

D glucose

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22
Q

What are homopolysaccharides and heteropolysaccharides?

A

Polysaccharides comprise of singl type of sugar called homopolysaccahrides

Heteropolysaccharides comprise of multiple types of sugar

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23
Q

What is glycogen and it’s homopolymer and properties

A

Glycogen is major form of stored carbohydrates in animals
- a homopolymer of alpha D glucose in alpha (1,4) glysocisidc linkages
- highly branched - alpha (1,6) glycosidic linkages occur every 8-10 residues
- compact structure due to cooling of polymer chains
-large amounts of carbon energy stored in small volume

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24
Q

What is starch

A

Major form of stored carb in plants
Identical to glycogen but lower degree of branching
Alpha 1,6 glycosidic linkages
Exists in unbranched and branched forms ( amylose and amylopectin respectively)

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25
Q

What is cellulose

A

Component of plant cell walls
Homopolymer of beta- D glucose in beta (1,4) glysocisidc linkage
Unbranched
Microfibrils arrange in parallels to form cellulose fibrils

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26
Q

What do derivative carbohydrates contain

A

Nitrogen , phosphate and sultry compounds

27
Q

How do glycolipids and glycoproteins form

A

Caberohhdrates join lipids - GL
join proteins -GP

28
Q

What are glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)?

A
  • most abundant heteropolysaccharides found in the body
    Long unbranched polysaccharides
  • located on surface of cells or ECM
  • linked to core proteins forming proteoglycabs
29
Q

What is hyaluronate formed from

A

D glucuronate and GlcNAc

Beta (1,3) glycosidic linkages

30
Q

Where is dermatan sultans formed from

A

L- iduronate and GalNac 4 Sundays

Beta (1,3) glycosidic linkage

31
Q

What is Chondroitin -4- sulfate and 6- sulfate formed from

A

D-glucuronate and GalNAc -4 sulfate or GalNAc 6 sulfate

32
Q

What is heparan sulfate formed from

A

D glucornate -2 sulfate or D-iduronate-2 sulfate and N-sukhi- D glucosamine 6 sulfate

Alpha (1,4) glycosidic linkage

33
Q

What are purines and pyrimidine derivatives

A

Purine derivatives are adenine and guanine PurAG
pyrimidine derivatives are thymine, cytosine and uracil PyrCUT

34
Q

What are nucleosides?

A

Purine and pyrimidine are linked to carbohydrates

Carbohydrate are either D-ribose or 2’ decoy-D-ribose

Beta -N glysocidic linkage between anomeric carbon of ribose and nitrogen of base

Nitrogen 9 for purines nitrogen1 for pyrimidine

35
Q

What are nucleotides

A

Monomer units that make up DNA and RNA

comprised of nitrogenous base, Penrose sugar and phosphate group

36
Q

How are carbons of Penrose sugars distinguished form backbone of nitrogen Ouse base

A

‘ marks

37
Q

What are polynucleotides

A

Formed by condensation of 2 or more nucleotides
Occurred between alcohol of 5- phosphate and 3’ hydroxyl of second molecules

Phosphodiester bond formed

38
Q

What are major functions of nucleotides

A
  • improtnat metabolites of cell
  • form basic structural unit of nucleus acids such as RNA and DNA
  • Enegry stores for use in phosphate transfer reactions
  • improtsnt in coenzymes - NAD, NADP, AFD and coA
    -mediators of cellular processes as second messengers in signal transduction
39
Q

What is basic structure of AA

A

H-N - HC- R-COOH

40
Q

How are AA linked?

A

-Linked by peptide bonds
-Between carboxyl and amine groups of adjacent AA
-condensation reaction as water is released

41
Q

What is the definition of lipid

A

Molecule that is insoluble in aww solution but soluble in organic solvents

42
Q

What are the properties and structure of lipids

A

Long chain hydrocarbon
Carboxylic acid now itt at one end
Carbon numbering begins with carboxyl end
May be saturated or unsaturated

43
Q

What isomerism does unsaturated fatty acids exhibit

A

Cis trans
Cis - adjacent carbons lie on same side
Trans - adjacent carbons lie on opposite sides of double bonds

44
Q

What are properties of saturated fatty acids

A

Very stable, stack tightly, solid at room temperature
Eg butter,eggs, oil

45
Q

What are properties of unsaturated fatty acids

A

Prone to rancidity
Do not stack tightly
Liquid at room temperature
Found in plant oiks

46
Q

What are linoleic acid and linolenic acid

A

Essential fatty acids
Animals cannot synthesise

47
Q

What do triacykglycerols comprise

A

Glycerol backbone and 3 FA

  • energy storage depot
  • provide thermal insulation
    -no electric charge
48
Q

What are phospholipids

A

Glycerol backbone
2 FA
1 phosphoric acid

49
Q

What is the simplest phospholipid

A

Phosphatidic acid

50
Q

What are the most abundant lipids in the membrane and it’s properties

A

Glycerophospholipids

They are amphipathic

FA 1 is usually saturated
FA 2 is usually UNsaturated

51
Q

What is the precursor for eicosanoid synthesis

A

Arachidonic acid

52
Q

What are steroids and it’s link to cholesterol

A

Cholesterol is most common steroid
Characterised by carbon Skelton consisting of 4 rings
Common in eukaryotic cells
Principle sterol in animal

53
Q

What is the principle sterol in fungi and plants

A

Fungi- ergosterol
Plants- sitosterol

54
Q

What structure does sterol have

A

Hydroxyl group attached to first ring
C=C double bond distinguished one sterol from another

Does not form aggregates in water
Adds rigidity strengthening against mechanical rupture

55
Q

Name some steroid hormones

A

Pregnenolone
Testetosterone
Progesterone
esradiol

56
Q

What is pregnenolone produced from

A

Cholesterol and acts as precursor for carbon 18 ,19 and 21 steroid

57
Q

What is function of estradiol

A

It’s an estrogen
Female sex hormone produced in the ovaries
Responsible for sex characteristic

58
Q

What is progesterone and it’s function

A

Produced from pregnelone and secreted from corpus kuteya

Response for changes in luteral phase of menstrual cycle

59
Q

Where is testosterone synthesised from and responsible

A

Synthesised from tested
It’s an androgen

Responsible for secondary mail sex characteristics

60
Q

What is the role of fatty acids

A

Major component of stored fat
Components of more complex membrane lipids

61
Q

What is the role for triglycerides

A
  • efficient for long term energy storage
  • high potential energy - large molecules
  • g for g they have over twice energy of carbohydrate
    Act as fat deposits under the skin and cut heat loss by 2/3
    Protect and cushion organs
    Virtually non-polar, allowing for more efficient storage
62
Q

What are phospholipids role

A

Major component of all cell membrane
Self assemble into a bilayer in contact with water

63
Q

What is the role of cholesterol

A
  • precursors for synthesis of vitamin d , testosterone, oestrogen, progesterone,aldosterone, cortisol and bile salts
  • important role in membrane structure - rigidity
  • abnormal deposition within the body can lead to atherosclerosis

IOE Dentistry Molecular And Cellular Biochemistry (7 decks)

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