Introduction to Biodiversity

Question 1

morphological species concept

Answer 1

species differ in observable physical characteristics

Question 2

ecological species concept

Answer 2

species differ in their ecological niches

Question 3

phylogenetic species concept

Answer 3

species form a distinct group on a phylogenetic tree

Question 4

how old are stromalaties

Answer 4

3.5 million years old

Question 5

characteristics of stromatolites that make them able to survive early earth

Answer 5

Photosynthetic: there were probably very few resources for consumption in early earth, so being able to generate one’s own energy from sunlight would have been very beneficial.

Single-celled: being single celled likely allowed early life to reproduce faster, which would have been helpful to persist in the volatile environment of early earth.

Ability to survive without oxygen

Question 6

origin of life

Answer 6

oxygen nitrogen and carbon are found in earths atmosphere and sea, amino acids and other compound may of been synthesised randomly, and having less oxygen makes it more likely for this to happen, Oparin Haldane hypothesis

Question 7

characteristics of life

Answer 7

having a metabolism
able to reproduce
able to evolve

Question 8

3 hypotheses for origin of life on earth

Answer 8

1) Origin in volatile early earth ocean and atmosphere
2) Origin in high pH environments like hydrothermal vents
3) Origin from extra-earth materials such as those found on asteroids

Question 9

gram positive bacteria

Answer 9

thick layer of peptidogylcan

Question 10

gram negative bacteria

Answer 10

thin layer of peptidogylcan

Question 11

three wya bacteria can share genes

Answer 11

conjugation
transformation
transduction

Question 12

conjugation

Answer 12

bacteria shares genes directly through a bridge that links their cells

Question 13

transformation

Answer 13

bacteria pick up pieces of DNA from their environment

Question 14

transduction

Answer 14

viruses transfer genes between their hosts

Question 15

Which of the following, in part, determine your microbiome (i.e. the community of microorganisms that live in your body)?

Answer 15

Where you live

Drugs that you take

Microbes that you get from your parents

What you eat

Genes that you get from your parents

Where you travel

Question 16

Since the 1940s, antibiotics have become less effective at preventing bacterial infection.

Answer 16

true

Question 17

dinoflagellates

Answer 17

single-celled
two flagella in a circular groove

Question 18

apicomplexans

Answer 18

single-celled
most are animal parasites

Question 19

chytrids

Answer 19

restricted to moist environment

Question 20

mycorrhizae

Answer 20

fungi that live symbiotically within many plants

provide plants with minerals in exchange for carbohydrates

Question 21

what is a single celled fungi referred to as

Answer 21

a yeast (pretty sure)

Question 22

Fungi are more closely related to humans than they are to plants.

Answer 22

true

Question 23

Protists are a unified phylogenetic clade most closely related to fungi.

Answer 23

false, they are more related to each other than plants/fungi/animals

Question 24

what defines an animals

Answer 24

multicellular
get energy from other living thing
cells lack cell walls

Question 25

rotifers

Answer 25

extremely small
found in water and moist soil
triploblastic = 3 germ layers
bilateral symmetry
digestive tract with seperate mouth and anus = alimentary canal
have hemolymph
central nervous system and sensory organs

Question 26

new world monekys

Answer 26

all live in trees and some have prehensile tails
nostrils face to the side

Question 27

old world monkeys

Answer 27

never have prehensile tails
nostrils face downward

Question 28

scenarios for human future evolution

Answer 28

extinction
stasis
speciation